A/Hi Latin American 1900s Midterm Flashcards
How can we understand the divides of Latin America?
Geographically and Linguistically
Who invented the term “Latin America”?
Michel Chevalier
Brazil is the only country that doesn’t speak Spanish in South America T/F?
False
Hispanic is an identity signaling origins to…
Spanish Speaking/ Spain
How many Indigenous languages have been identified in Mexico? Not including the dialects
68
Gerardo Mosquera argues that we might rename “Latin American art” into ____________ to help alleviate generalizations.
Art in/from Latin America
The Waldseemuller map was the first map to depict and name the Americas T/F
True
America was named as such because:
2 - it was feminized to fit with Europe, Asia, and Africa & America Vespucci was the first to reach it
Some notable features of the Gutierrez map were:
Appalachians, Lake Titicaca, Brazilian cannibals, and the Amazon River
The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the world between France and Spain T/F
False (Spain and Portugal)
The Cortes map was based on Indigenous maps of Tenochtitlan T/F
True
Tenochtitlan is currently under what city?
Mexico City
Who was one of the main engravers to depict the Indigenous populations of the Americas?
Theodor de Bry
Maps in the 16th century operated in what ways?
Structures of power, were imperialist tools for stereotypes, encouraged fear of the unfamiliar
What was a recurring stereotype of Indigenous Brazilians?
Cannibalistic
Brazil was invaded by the Portuguese’s, French, and Dutch T/F
True
Castas paintings provided what information to its viewers?
Social mobility, explain race mixing scientifically, classify and categorize race.
The Art Academies in Latin America functioned how?
Shaped cultural, intellectual and artistic life during colonial period and years after, decided what art is.
Costumbrismo often followed popular forms of fictionalized local “types” like the gauchos, street-sellers, and markets. T/F
True
Francisco Laso’s image of the Inhabitant of the Peruvian Cordillera most likely depicts a contemporary Indigenous man holding a Moche ceramic vessel. T/F
True
Indianism was a regional movement that focused on the recognition of Indigenous populations in Brazil T/F
False
In the late 19th century, photography of Indigenous and Afro populations (in Brazil an Chile) often showcased the violent realities that many face in life T/F
False
What was the traditional Afro-Uruguayan dance performed by enslaved populations and later their descendants?
Candombe
Saturnino Herran is known for incorporating what pre-colonial group’s belief systems into his artwork
Aztecs
Modernism in Latin America happens in a very linear manner - we can dedicate a specific timeline to it. T/F
False
Modernism in Latin America arises based on a need to move away from what?
Academic painting and European influence
In Argentina, immigration from Europe in the late 19th and 20th century did not impact society or the economy T/F
False
The lack of Afro-Argentine representation in modern art from the country is largely because Afro populations didn’t exist there T/F
False
The Gaucho played an important role for Uruguay and Argentina for the following reasons
Major role in colonial independence, romanticization of land and rural life, historical link to development of region.
Neo-criollo and Pan-lengua were developed by who to create a shared Latin American connection
Xul Solar
Xul Solar and Joaquin Torres-Garcia merged modern visual forms with references to what?
Indigenous/pre-colonial art
Manifestos, like Pau-Brasil and Manifesto Antropofago, sought to prioritize what?
Uniquely Brazilian work, afro-heritage, indigenous traditions,, and brasilidade.
Brasilidade always addressed the inequities faced by Afro-Brazilians and Indigenous populations and rarely romanticized depictions of either group. T/F
False
What is a shared modernist visual language
Tarsila do Amaral’s Abaporu, Torres Garcia compositions, Segal banal, Pettoruit’s El quinteto, local conditions, realism, and surrealism
In his essay, New world, new races, and new art, Jose Clemente Orozco proposes what?
muralism is universal
Much of the depictions of the worker/Indigenous person revolve around racial constructions versus class constructions.
False
Photography during the revolutionary years in Mexico served to do what?
document everyday life, historical moments, All people involved in struggle, the changes happening
Social Realist art is an easily defined style
False
Social realism focused on what?
social messages, anti-imperialism, and class consciousness.
Jose Carlo Mariategui’s Indian Question expresses that the problems that befall indigenous populations are?
Economic and land issues
Amauta was founded by who and where?
Jose Carlos Mariategui in Peru, but it spread internationally
Indigenismo was the struggle for
A celebration of indigenous culture and indigenous representation in the visual field
New realism and Social Realism are connected how?
Both grapple with class inequality
New realism can be characterized how?
Everyday, unvarnished, realist, political content, not a style but an approach
Berni turned to large format painting to document the problems of the moment in Argentina because
murals were connected to an educational function and Argentina’s government wouldn’t offer public buildings for murals
Bernie’s character Juanito demonstrates the working class child, while Ramona demonstrates
the exploited woman, poverty, sexual exploitation, social mobility
Why did Berni turn to collage and the use of Materials from the street for his series, Juanito and Romana
to physically embody poverty
How can we think about the development of Surrealism in Latin America?
Wasn’t brought by Europeans, LA had an understanding before through things like syncretism, identity, politics and social critique.
Albert Eckhout - series of eight figures 1641
Was about ethnic differences
Population of Brazil and the local flora
Dutch interested in getting land
holding severed hands - still stereotyped - are meant to represent types rather than individuals.
Hans Staden, frontispiece to [The True History of his Captivity]
He was a soldier who was held captive - was prior to the de Bry depictions - used the account for his images
Europeans pick up on the ritualistic cannibalism even though it wasn’t the main focus of the account.
Saturnino Herran, El Trabajo [work] 1908
Unidealized labor, mestizo populations from the local region, life cycle of the worker, focus on family
Pedro Figari, Candombe 1930
Candombe, new modernist visual lens, Afro-Uruguayan population
Celebration moments instead of lived realities,
How to represent race
Tarsila do Amaral, Morro da favela [Shantytown hill] 1924
Classified as: Primitive visual language with a generic landscape
genre painted for the elites or for a European audience
No hint of the actual conditions they are living
Diego Rivera, Paisaje zapatista (zapatista landscape), 1915
Manifesto, rifle, sombrero, serape, Mexican landscape
Potential manifesto, stand in for revolutionary fighters
Diego Rivera, Epic of the Mexican People in their Struggle for Freedom and Independence, 1929-35
Can’t be read chronological and is of the entire history, includes the eagle on a cactus holding a snake in the mouth.
Diego Rivera Man at the Crossroads, 1933, Rockefeller Center
Was censored and then destroyed because of Lenin
Technical progress and social changes, capitalism vs communism, challenging patrons ideas on power via technology.
exploration of technology as good?
Capitalism likes tech progression
Jose Clemente Orozco, Struggle in the Occident, fresco 1931 at the NYC
Dialectic
Lenin is neither good nor bad and general ambiviance can be seen about the politics at the moment
Thesis + antithesis = synthesis
Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas 1939
Tehuana society dress on the right
bridge into surrealism even though not classified
Blood line physical pain
Combo of European vs Latin American
Marcelo Pogolotti, Paisaje cuban (Cuban Landscape), 1933
Marxism class struggle
Borrowed visual language from Rivera
modern industry vs workers
Carlos Enriquex, Campesinos Felices (Happy Peasants), 1938
Dire and harsh conditions of the peasants
Not idealized at all
Garish color uses
Julia Codesido, Mercado Indigena (Indigenous Market), 1931
Celebration of indigenous life and women engaged in labor
challenging women’s role in Peru, markets and economy - class struggle
Eduardo Kingman’s Los Guandos, 1941
connected to Mexican Muralism
Legacy of murals, power vs laborers, class struggles
Antonio Berni, Juanito goes to the city, 1963
the main character is juxtaposed against the industrial wasteland
