A/Hi Latin American 1900s Midterm

Question 1

How can we understand the divides of Latin America?

Answer 1

Geographically and Linguistically

Question 2

Who invented the term “Latin America”?

Answer 2

Michel Chevalier

Question 3

Brazil is the only country that doesn’t speak Spanish in South America T/F?

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Hispanic is an identity signaling origins to…

Answer 4

Spanish Speaking/ Spain

Question 5

How many Indigenous languages have been identified in Mexico? Not including the dialects

Answer 5

68

Question 6

Gerardo Mosquera argues that we might rename “Latin American art” into ____________ to help alleviate generalizations.

Answer 6

Art in/from Latin America

Question 7

The Waldseemuller map was the first map to depict and name the Americas T/F

Answer 7

True

Question 8

America was named as such because:

Answer 8

2 - it was feminized to fit with Europe, Asia, and Africa & America Vespucci was the first to reach it

Question 9

Some notable features of the Gutierrez map were:

Answer 9

Appalachians, Lake Titicaca, Brazilian cannibals, and the Amazon River

Question 10

The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the world between France and Spain T/F

Answer 10

False (Spain and Portugal)

Question 11

The Cortes map was based on Indigenous maps of Tenochtitlan T/F

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Tenochtitlan is currently under what city?

Answer 12

Mexico City

Question 13

Who was one of the main engravers to depict the Indigenous populations of the Americas?

Answer 13

Theodor de Bry

Question 14

Maps in the 16th century operated in what ways?

Answer 14

Structures of power, were imperialist tools for stereotypes, encouraged fear of the unfamiliar

Question 15

What was a recurring stereotype of Indigenous Brazilians?

Answer 15

Cannibalistic

Question 16

Brazil was invaded by the Portuguese’s, French, and Dutch T/F

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Castas paintings provided what information to its viewers?

Answer 17

Social mobility, explain race mixing scientifically, classify and categorize race.

Question 18

The Art Academies in Latin America functioned how?

Answer 18

Shaped cultural, intellectual and artistic life during colonial period and years after, decided what art is.

Question 19

Costumbrismo often followed popular forms of fictionalized local “types” like the gauchos, street-sellers, and markets. T/F

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Francisco Laso’s image of the Inhabitant of the Peruvian Cordillera most likely depicts a contemporary Indigenous man holding a Moche ceramic vessel. T/F

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Indianism was a regional movement that focused on the recognition of Indigenous populations in Brazil T/F

Answer 21

False

Question 22

In the late 19th century, photography of Indigenous and Afro populations (in Brazil an Chile) often showcased the violent realities that many face in life T/F

Answer 22

False

Question 23

What was the traditional Afro-Uruguayan dance performed by enslaved populations and later their descendants?

Answer 23

Candombe

Question 24

Saturnino Herran is known for incorporating what pre-colonial group’s belief systems into his artwork

Answer 24

Aztecs

Question 25

Modernism in Latin America happens in a very linear manner - we can dedicate a specific timeline to it. T/F

Answer 25

False

Question 26

Modernism in Latin America arises based on a need to move away from what?

Answer 26

Academic painting and European influence

Question 27

In Argentina, immigration from Europe in the late 19th and 20th century did not impact society or the economy T/F

Answer 27

False

Question 28

The lack of Afro-Argentine representation in modern art from the country is largely because Afro populations didn't exist there T/F

Answer 28

False

Question 29

The Gaucho played an important role for Uruguay and Argentina for the following reasons

Answer 29

Major role in colonial independence, romanticization of land and rural life, historical link to development of region.

Question 30

Neo-criollo and Pan-lengua were developed by who to create a shared Latin American connection

Answer 30

Xul Solar

Question 31

Xul Solar and Joaquin Torres-Garcia merged modern visual forms with references to what?

Answer 31

Indigenous/pre-colonial art

Question 32

Manifestos, like Pau-Brasil and Manifesto Antropofago, sought to prioritize what?

Answer 32

Uniquely Brazilian work, afro-heritage, indigenous traditions,, and brasilidade.

Question 33

Brasilidade always addressed the inequities faced by Afro-Brazilians and Indigenous populations and rarely romanticized depictions of either group. T/F

Answer 33

False

Question 34

What is a shared modernist visual language

Answer 34

Tarsila do Amaral's Abaporu, Torres Garcia compositions, Segal banal, Pettoruit's El quinteto, local conditions, realism, and surrealism

Question 35

In his essay, New world, new races, and new art, Jose Clemente Orozco proposes what?

Answer 35

muralism is universal

Question 36

Much of the depictions of the worker/Indigenous person revolve around racial constructions versus class constructions.

Answer 36

False

Question 37

Photography during the revolutionary years in Mexico served to do what?

Answer 37

document everyday life, historical moments, All people involved in struggle, the changes happening

Question 38

Social Realist art is an easily defined style

Answer 38

False

Question 39

Social realism focused on what?

Answer 39

social messages, anti-imperialism, and class consciousness.

Question 40

Jose Carlo Mariategui's Indian Question expresses that the problems that befall indigenous populations are?

Answer 40

Economic and land issues

Question 41

Amauta was founded by who and where?

Answer 41

Jose Carlos Mariategui in Peru, but it spread internationally

Question 42

Indigenismo was the struggle for

Answer 42

A celebration of indigenous culture and indigenous representation in the visual field

Question 43

New realism and Social Realism are connected how?

Answer 43

Both grapple with class inequality

Question 44

New realism can be characterized how?

Answer 44

Everyday, unvarnished, realist, political content, not a style but an approach

Question 45

Berni turned to large format painting to document the problems of the moment in Argentina because

Answer 45

murals were connected to an educational function and Argentina's government wouldn't offer public buildings for murals

Question 46

Bernie's character Juanito demonstrates the working class child, while Ramona demonstrates

Answer 46

the exploited woman, poverty, sexual exploitation, social mobility

Question 47

Why did Berni turn to collage and the use of Materials from the street for his series, Juanito and Romana

Answer 47

to physically embody poverty

Question 48

How can we think about the development of Surrealism in Latin America?

Answer 48

Wasn't brought by Europeans, LA had an understanding before through things like syncretism, identity, politics and social critique.

Question 49

Albert Eckhout - series of eight figures 1641

Answer 49

Was about ethnic differences Population of Brazil and the local flora Dutch interested in getting land holding severed hands - still stereotyped - are meant to represent types rather than individuals.

Question 50

Hans Staden, frontispiece to [The True History of his Captivity]

Answer 50

He was a soldier who was held captive - was prior to the de Bry depictions - used the account for his images Europeans pick up on the ritualistic cannibalism even though it wasn't the main focus of the account.

Question 51

Saturnino Herran, El Trabajo [work] 1908

Answer 51

Unidealized labor, mestizo populations from the local region, life cycle of the worker, focus on family

Question 52

Pedro Figari, Candombe 1930

Answer 52

Candombe, new modernist visual lens, Afro-Uruguayan population Celebration moments instead of lived realities, How to represent race

Question 53

Tarsila do Amaral, Morro da favela [Shantytown hill] 1924

Answer 53

Classified as: Primitive visual language with a generic landscape genre painted for the elites or for a European audience No hint of the actual conditions they are living

Question 54

Diego Rivera, Paisaje zapatista (zapatista landscape), 1915

Answer 54

Manifesto, rifle, sombrero, serape, Mexican landscape Potential manifesto, stand in for revolutionary fighters

Question 55

Diego Rivera, Epic of the Mexican People in their Struggle for Freedom and Independence, 1929-35

Answer 55

Can't be read chronological and is of the entire history, includes the eagle on a cactus holding a snake in the mouth.

Question 56

Diego Rivera Man at the Crossroads, 1933, Rockefeller Center

Answer 56

Was censored and then destroyed because of Lenin Technical progress and social changes, capitalism vs communism, challenging patrons ideas on power via technology. exploration of technology as good? Capitalism likes tech progression

Question 57

Jose Clemente Orozco, Struggle in the Occident, fresco 1931 at the NYC

Answer 57

Dialectic Lenin is neither good nor bad and general ambiviance can be seen about the politics at the moment Thesis + antithesis = synthesis

Question 58

Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas 1939

Answer 58

Tehuana society dress on the right bridge into surrealism even though not classified Blood line physical pain Combo of European vs Latin American

Question 59

Marcelo Pogolotti, Paisaje cuban (Cuban Landscape), 1933

Answer 59

Marxism class struggle Borrowed visual language from Rivera modern industry vs workers

Question 60

Carlos Enriquex, Campesinos Felices (Happy Peasants), 1938

Answer 60

Dire and harsh conditions of the peasants Not idealized at all Garish color uses

Question 61

Julia Codesido, Mercado Indigena (Indigenous Market), 1931

Answer 61

Celebration of indigenous life and women engaged in labor challenging women's role in Peru, markets and economy - class struggle

Question 62

Eduardo Kingman's Los Guandos, 1941

Answer 62

connected to Mexican Muralism Legacy of murals, power vs laborers, class struggles

Question 63

Antonio Berni, Juanito goes to the city, 1963

Answer 63

the main character is juxtaposed against the industrial wasteland