Prerequisite Terms Quiz

Question 1

Electronegativity

Answer 1

a chemical property that is a measure of an atom’s ability to attract shared electrons to itself

Question 2

Hydrogen bonding

Answer 2

Occurs between a hydrogen molecule and a molecule of nitrogen, fluorine, or oxygen. Polar bond. Another intermolecular force is dipole dipole force which occurs between a hydrogen molecule and a POLAR molecule that is NOT nitrogen, fluorine, oxygen and is not another hydrogen molecule.

Question 3

Polar and nonpolar covalent

Answer 3

Covalent bonds are a nonmetal + a nonmetal. A chemical bond is classified electronegativity difference between two bonded atoms: ionic bond (1.7+), polar covalent (0.40-1.69) between two nonmetal atoms, and nonpolar covalent (0-0.39) between two nonmetal atoms. Electrons are shared between two atoms in covalent bonds. Nonpolar molecules have an even distribution of electrons. Polar molecules have an uneven distribution of electrons. Polar molecules dissolve in water because water is polar.

Question 4

Ionic

Answer 4

Forms between a metal and a nonmetal. Electrons are not shared, they are given. Electronegativity difference of 1.7+. Each element (now an ion) will have a complete octet after the transfer of electrons.
High melting and boiling point.

Question 5

pH

Answer 5

acidity of a solution

Question 6

Hydrolysis

Answer 6

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. A molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds

Question 7

Enzymes

Answer 7

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates

Question 8

Active site

Answer 8

a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction

Question 9

Denaturation

Answer 9

process modifying the molecular structure of a protein. Denaturation involves the breaking of many of the weak linkages, or bonds (e.g., hydrogen bonds), within a protein molecule. The shape of a protein molecule determines its function, so if a protein loses its shape, it ceases to perform that function. Weak hydrogen bonds break when too much heat is applied or when they are exposed to an acid.

Question 10

C6H12O6

Answer 10

glucose/sugar

Question 11

Carbohydrates

Answer 11

Carbohydrates, or carbs, are sugar molecules. Their building blocks are monosaccharides (single sugars)

Question 12

Mono-, di- and polysaccharides

Answer 12

A monosaccharide is a single sugar molecule. This includes glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides are double sugars, such as sucrose (table sugar). Polysaccharides are long chains, such as plant and animal starches.

Question 13

Glycogen

Answer 13

the stored form of glucose that’s made up of many connected glucose molecules. Glucose (sugar) is your body’s main source of energy. It comes from carbohydrates

Question 14

Starch

Answer 14

a polysaccharide or complex carbohydrate that is made up of a chain of glucose molecules joined together in covalent bonds. Pure starch comes in the form of a tasteless, odorless, white powder. Plants store glucose as starch.

Question 15

Nucleotides

Answer 15

the basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA). Adenine guanine cytosine and thymine for dna. uracil instead of thymine for rna. composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate

Question 16

Ion

Answer 16

an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons

Question 17

Proton

Answer 17

subatomic particle with a positive charge. Along with neutrons, make up the atomic nucleus. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines the element’s atomic number and thus its identity

Question 18

Hydrophobic

Answer 18

Substances that repel water. typically nonpolar.

Question 19

Base

Answer 19

Bases have a pH greater than 7.

Question 19

Acid

Answer 19

Acids have a pH less than 7. Can donate a proton in a chemical reaction

Question 20

Hydrophilic

Answer 20

molecule that is attracted to water molecules and tends to be dissolved by water. Typically polar.

Question 21

Monomer

Answer 21

a molecule that can react together with other monomer molecules to form a larger polymer. This reaction is dehydration synthesis

Question 22

Polymer

Answer 22

a substance or material consisting of very large molecules called macromolecules, which are composed of many repeating subunits called monomers

Question 23

Dehydration Synthesis (condensation reaction)

Answer 23

Dehydration reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule or ion. The reverse of a hydration reaction. Occurs when two molecules are joined by removing water. either the hydrogen of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl group of another monomer releasing a molecule of water, or two hydrogens from one monomer combine with one oxygen from the other monomer releasing a molecule of water.

Question 24

DNA

Answer 24

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism. In double helix structure. DNA is made of chemical building blocks called nucleotides. These building blocks are made of three parts: a phosphate group, a sugar group, and one of four types of nitrogen bases. To form a strand of DNA, nucleotides are linked into chains, with the phosphate and sugar groups alternating. The nucleotides are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)

Question 24

Fatty acids and glycerol

Answer 24

A fat molecule consists of two main components: glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol is an alcohol with three carbons, five hydrogens, and three hydroxyl (OH) groups. Fatty acids have a long chain of hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group attached. make up lipids

Question 25

Amino acids and polypeptide chains

Answer 25

Amino acids are molecules that combine to form proteins. When connected together by a series of peptide bonds, amino acids form a polypeptide, another word for protein. The polypeptide will then fold into a specific conformation depending on the interactions (dashed lines) between its amino acid side chains

Question 26

ATP

Answer 26

energy

Question 26

Protein

Answer 26

biopolymeric structures composed of amino acids

Question 27

RNA

Answer 27

ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Create proteins via translation. RNA carries genetic information that is translated by ribosomes into various proteins necessary for cellular processes. mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA are the three main types of RNA involved in protein synthesis. It is made up of nucleotides, which are ribose sugars attached to nitrogenous bases and phosphate groups. The nitrogenous bases include adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine(C), and uracil (U),. RNA is usually single stranded. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, whereas RNA contains ribose.

Question 28

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 28

a layer of two sheets of phospholipids arranged in a membrane a type of lipid with two fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol molecule, which is attached to a phosphate group. The main function of the phospholipid bilayer is to allow the cell to be selectively permeable, meaning it only lets certain things in and out. The phospholipid bilayer prevents large molecules or charged molecules like ions from diffusing directly across the membrane without the use of a channel protein.

Question 29

Diffusion (facilitated and simple)

Answer 29

Diffusion is the net movement of molecules down the concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) through a partially permeable membrane. Simple diffusion allows the direct transport of molecules across the cell membrane. In contrast, facilitated diffusion occurs via transmembrane proteins like carrier proteins, channel proteins, and aquaporins

Question 30

Osmosis

Answer 30

Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement or diffusion of solvent molecules through a selectively-permeable membrane from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides

Question 31

Active transport

Answer 31

The movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, using energy in the form of ATP.

Question 32

Passive Transport

Answer 32

The movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane without the use of energy, following the concentration gradient (from high to low concentration). Includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.

Question 33

Dominant/Recessive

Answer 33

Dominant: An allele that expresses its trait even in the presence of a different allele. Recessive: An allele that expresses its trait only when paired with an identical allele.

Question 34

Meiosis and mitosis

Answer 34

Meiosis: A process of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in four genetically diverse cells with half as much DNA. Mitosis: A process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells, used for growth and repair.

Question 35

Chromosome

Answer 35

A structure composed of DNA and proteins that contains the genetic information of an organism. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes.

Question 35

Hormone

Answer 35

Chemical messengers produced by glands in multicellular organisms that regulate physiological processes by traveling through the bloodstream to target organs.

Question 36

Adaption

Answer 36

A trait that improves an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment, often resulting from natural selection.

Question 37

Mutation

Answer 37

A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to new traits or variations within a population. Mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful.

Question 38

Gene Pool

Answer 38

The total collection of genes and their variations within a population of a species.

Question 39

Natural selection

Answer 39

A process by which organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive

Question 40

Photosynthesis

Answer 40

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Reactants: carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O). Products: glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂).
CO₂ + H₂O -> C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂

Question 41

Cellular respiration

Answer 41

Used to generate usable ATP energy, provides cells with the energy they need to function. The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water. Reactants: glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂). Products: carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and ATP (energy).
C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ + O₂ -> CO₂ + H₂O

Question 42

Aerobic vs Anaerobic respiration

Answer 42

Aerobic: Respiration that requires oxygen, producing a large amount of energy (ATP). Anaerobic: Respiration that does not require oxygen, producing less energy and often resulting in byproducts like lactic acid or ethanol.

Question 42

Oxidation and reduction

Answer 42

Chemical reactions where oxidation involves the loss of electrons and reduction involves the gain of electrons. These reactions often occur together (redox reactions). Redox reactions are common and vital to the basic functions of life, including photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, and corrosion or rusting. Oxidation occurs in a chemical reaction when there is a loss of electrons and a gain of Oxygen. On the other hand, reduction happens in a reaction when there is a gain of electrons and a loss of Oxygen.

Question 43

Organelles

Answer 43

Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct processes

Question 44

Endosymbiosis

Answer 44

A theory that suggests that certain organelles, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated as free-living bacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells, forming a symbiotic relationship.

Question 45

Prokaryote

Answer 45

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Ex: bacteria and archaea.

Question 46

Eukaryote

Answer 46

An organism whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

Question 47

Receptor

Answer 47

A protein on the surface or inside of a cell that binds to specific molecules (like for neurotransmitters) and triggers a cellular response.

Question 48

Genetic variation

Answer 48

The diversity in gene frequencies within a population, arising from mutations, sexual reproduction, and gene flow. The difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations among the same species.

Question 49

Biodiversity

Answer 49

The variety of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or on the entire Earth, including the diversity of species, genetics, and ecosystems.

Question 50

Energy flow

Answer 50

The transfer of energy through an ecosystem, from producers to consumers to decomposers, usually in the form of food chains or food webs.

Question 51

Species

Answer 51

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring under natural conditions.

Question 52

Ecosystem

Answer 52

A community of interacting organisms and their physical environment, functioning as a system through the flow of energy and cycling of materials.

Question 53

Producers/Autotrophs

Answer 53

Organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, serving as the base of the food chain (e.g., plants, algae).

Question 54

Consumers/Heterotrophs

Answer 54

Organisms that cannot produce their own food and must consume other organisms for energy

Question 55

Decomposers

Answer 55

Organisms, like bacteria and fungi, that break down dead or decaying organic matter, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem.