prep Flashcards
Germ theory
- Pasteur - 1861
- microbes in air caused decay, not other way round
- he proved germs were in air by showing closed flask of water stayed sterile and open one bred germs
Great stink
- London - 1858
- waste in London drained into water sources (including Thames)
- in summer, heat caused water levels to drop and bacteria to grow in waste, leading to very bad smell
What happened in the cholera epidemics
- reached Britain in 1831
- killed 21,000 by 1832
- spread by infected sewage getting into drinking water
- caused diarrhoea + often death from water loss
- recurred in 1948,53-54,65-66
What happened with disease in 19th century
- Germ theory - 1861
- Koch found bacteria causing cholera, TB, sceptacaemia
- Pasteur helped developed vaccines for chicken cholera
- first magic bullet - Salvarsan 606
- Snow proved cholera caused by contaminated water
Industrial Living conditions
- clean water in short supply - came from water pumps
- slum housing - cramped + overcrowded
- diseases like cholera spread easily
19th century public health individuals
- Edwin Chadwick - 1842 report highlighted poor living conditions, influenced government into first public health act
- John Snow - proved cholera caused by contaminated water
- Bazalgette - designed new London sewer system
First public health act
- 1848
- general board of health - Chadwick 1 of 3 commissioners
- allowed towns to set up health boards - voluntary
Second public health act
- 1875
- local councils responsible for ensuring there was clean water, public toilets, rubbish removal, sewers, drains
What is manifest destiny
1840 - Americans though that it was their providence (God-given right) to expand territories from coast to coast in North America
What was the reason for Manifest Destiny
- first half of the 19th century - American population went 5 million in 1800 to 23 million in 1850
- Americans looked westward for land + opportunities + to escape economic depressions of 1819/1839
What was the impact of Manifest Destiny
- US government expanded territories to west to make room for settlers, Native Indians were forcibly removed through the
- 1830 Indian Removal Act - ¼ of Cherokee Indians killed in conflicts
- expansion ignited Mexican-
American War + increased conflict with Great Britain - Indians became distrustful of white
American settlers
Who became the leader of the Mormons in 1845
Brigham Young
Why did people dislike the Mormons
They were against slavery
Why did Young choose Slat Lake City for the Mormons
- isolated
- water + fertile soil
- could practice beliefs safely
How did Brigham Young help the mormons to settle in salt lake
- made sure all families had enough land
- led cooperative work to build irrigation system for easy water access
Give 3 reason people moved West
- better farmlands
- better climate
- to esccape economic depression from 1937
How did Brigham Young prepare the Mormons for the journey
- planned out how each batch of wagons would survive
- send pioneer band in April
Give 3 hazards of the journey West
- Native American attacks
- crowded wagons
- journey was long and tiring
Why did the 49’ers move west
To seek wealth
What problems did the Gold Rush cause?
- towns grew rapidly
- racial tensions between Americans/Hispanics/Chinese grew worse
Why was tipi used
- ideal living space
- allowed fire to escape
- easy assembly
- could be quickly moved for nomadic lifestyle
- well supported
How did Indians organise society
- cheifs led tribes
- tribes divided into council of elders who made important decisions
- societies - warrior, quillor
Why did Indians go to war
- gold rush
- abuse from Indian agents
- civil war
- Kansas/Nebraska states bringing settlers
Uses of buffalo
- food
- shelter
- clothing
- medicine
- e.g- smoke dung on special occasions
Permanent Indian Frontier
- white settlers began moved west for land + peace + wealth
- Indians encountered challenges with settler confrontations, resulted in forced removal from their homelands and separation between whites and Indian
- wouldn’t end up being compulsory
Indian removal act
- process of moving Indian tribes from homelands to other side of permanent Indian Frontier
- trail of tears - depicted horrors of process, many Indians form tribes like Seminole/Cherokee died
Indian Appropriations act
- 1851
- reserved land for Native Indians controlled by government
- forced them to leave traditional land
- Indians were prohibited from hunting buffalo outside reservations
- Indians encouraged to live like white settlers
What did the Fort Laramie treaty agree
- recognition of boundaries set by the US government as their territories,
- each Indian nation to appoint head-chiefs to deal with all national business
- $50,000 per year for 10 years given to Indian nations who honoured the treaty
- parties who violated the treaty would pay compensation to the US government
What happened in Little Crow’s War
- Crows’s attacks killed five white settlers - next day - chief joined his band and raided the reservation agency storehouse for supplies
- over 700 white settlers and US soldiers killed
- gov sent large army reinforcements
- Little Crow was shot dead and the Dakota Sioux warriors surrendered
What happened in the Cheyenne Uprising
- early 1860s - Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians began attacking settlements along the Oregon Trail due to terrible conditions on their reservations
- attacked Upper Blue River in Nebraska - 100 were killed
- By 1863 - full-scale war broke out in the Southern Plains
- next year - Cheyenne tribe agreed to move to smaller reservations
What happened in Red Cloud’s War
- caused by the discovery of gold in the Rocky Mountains in Montana - US government did nothing to stop settlers from breaking terms of the Fort Laramie Treaty
- new Bozeman trail crossed the Lakota Sioux hunting grounds which meant thousands of gold prospectors became trespassers
- Sioux people attacked travellers along trail
What were the consequences of the Indian Wars
- 5,000-500,000 deaths from 1860-1890
- each time, many Indians sentenced to death
- excessive buffalo slaughter damaged fur trade
Background of Sand Creek Massacre
29 November 1864 - Cheyenne + Arapaho Indians killed by Colonel John Chivington + volunteers at Sand Creek, Colorado.
Cause of Sand Creek Massacre
- 29 November
- Chivington + men attacked Native American women, men and children
- Sand Creek - 148 of Black Kettle’s band killed + 9 of
Chivington’s men - volunteers returned and killed wounded + mutilated bodies + village on fire
Effect of Sand Creek Massacre
- attack considered a form of treachery
- Chivington resigned from military
- Black Kettle survived attack, continued peace mission
- year later - Cheyenne + Arapaho Indians accepted new reservation in Indian Territory
Background of Fetterman’s trap
21 December 1866 - Indians under leadership of Red Cloud + Crazy Horse ambushed Lieutenant
Colonel William Fetterman + soldiers
Cause of Fetterman’s trap
- 1863 - John Bozeman blazed new trail through Sioux hunting grounds
- Cheyenne + Arapaho Indians under the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851
- Bozeman Trail - route for gold prospectors to Montana
- In response, Indians of Great Plains attacked travellers crossing trail
Effect of Fetterman’s trap
- 40,000 arrows rained down killing Fetterman + men
- greatest defeat of US troops in west prior to Battle of
Little Bighorn - Indians continued attacking, forcing army to reinforce protection along Bozeman Trail
- by 1868 - forts abandoned + military withdrew
- one of few Native American victories
