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Conflict and Tension Flashcards

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1
Q

When did Germany request an armistice

A

October 1918

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2
Q

Why did Germany request an armistice

A
  • they were beaten and retreating
  • Germany was political chaos
  • sailors losing morale - German navy sailors mutinied on November 3rd triggering revolts
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3
Q

What did Germany want an armistice based on

A

Wilson’s 14 points

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4
Q

Woodrow Wilson main points

A
  • LON set up
  • Self determination
  • No secret treaties
  • Colonies has say in their future
  • Disarmament
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5
Q

Why did Allies accept armistice

A
  • countries like Belgium/France devastated by fighting
  • spent much money on war
  • would have been costly to reject armistice and force German army back to central Germany
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6
Q

When was the armistice signed

A

11th November 1918

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7
Q

Armistice terms

A
  • German troops to evacuate France + Belgium within 2 weeks
  • naval blockade to remain in place on Germany
  • Germany to accept blame and pay reparations
  • Germany to evacuate Rhineland
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8
Q

Life after war before peace conference

A
  • people suffered after war
  • food shortages months after
  • people pressuring for Germany to pay
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9
Q

Paris Peace Conference

A
  • began January 1919
  • pressure from people to make Germany pay
  • conference lasted 6 months
  • 32 countries
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10
Q

Which countries weren’t invited to the Paris peace conference

A
  • Germany
  • Austria-Hungary
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11
Q

George Clemenceau TOV Aims

A
  • wanted be very harsh on Germany
  • wanted to make Germany pay and never be a threat by weakening defences
  • wanted Alsace-Lorraine back
  • wanted empire back
  • motivated by France being most seriously damaged and on border with it
  • didn’t support Wilson’s points - wanted to keep treaties + keep naval blockade on Germany
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12
Q

Lloyd George TOV Aims

A
  • punish Germany to please public (just won election) but not be too harsh (may lead to another war)
  • strengthen British trade
  • reduce German empire/navy
  • maintain strong trade with Germany
  • disagreed with Wilson’s points - self-determination would be threat to empire, wanted to keep German blockade, wanted to make private deals with nations
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13
Q

How many terms in TOV

A

440

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14
Q

How many TOV terms about LON

A

First 26

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15
Q

TOV Territorial Terms

A
  • Lost 10% of land and 12.5% of population
  • Alsace-Lorraine returned to France
  • 11 overseas colonies given as mandate to LON and controlled by Britain and France
  • Polish corridor split Germany + cut off East Prussia
  • Danzig made free to be controlled by LON
  • Anschuluss between Germany + Austria forbidden
  • Poland made independent with free sea access
  • West Prussia and Posen to Poland
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16
Q

TOV Economic Terms

A
  • article 232- £6.6 million in reparations to France
  • Saar put under control of LON for 15 years - important industrial area for Germany
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17
Q

TOV Military Terms

A
  • army limited to 100,000 men without conscription
  • Rhineland (bordered France) demilitarised
  • navy limited to 15,000 men and 6 old battleships
  • not allowed tanks, submarines, or air force
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18
Q

TOV Blame Terms

A
  • article 231- War guilt clause, Germany took full responsibility for WW1
  • LON Created and Germany not allowed to Join
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19
Q

Signing of TOV

A
  • June 28th 1919
  • President Ebert originally refused, generals warned Germany couldn’t face another war
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20
Q

Which leader was soon voted out after signing TOV

A

George Clemenceau

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21
Q

Why couldn’t USA join LON

A
  • US Senate didn’t ratify TOV
  • adopted isolationist policy
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22
Q

Diktat

A

Imposed without choice

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23
Q

German reaction to TOV

A
  • felt vulnerable and due to army limits
  • complained about disarmament double standard
  • feared high payments would cripple them, suffered hyperinflation, loss of industrial areas led to higher tax
  • loss of colonies hurt pride, worried about loss of land on border, many Germans lived outside Germany, had to become new nationality
  • didn’t feel Germany completely lost war, still considered troops heroes
  • protesting outside the Reichstag in 1919
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24
Q

British TOV reaction

A
  • concerned about economic stability following treaty, reparations hurt trade with Germany
  • Britain was hesitant to join the LON but did
  • some wanted treaty to be harsher
  • pleased with expanding empire, naval superiority
  • worried Germany might become disillusioned, causing communist revolution
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25
Q

French TOV reaction

A
  • pleased with Alsace-Lorraine and military reductions, felt secure
  • some dissatisfied Germany wasn’t weak enough
  • some still concerned for national recovery
  • Clemaenceau wanted higher reparations, paid forever
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26
Q

USA TOV reaction

A
  • people wanted to remain isolationist, didn’t join LON, thought it would control their military and force them into wars
  • Wilson unhappy with treaty- too harsh
  • Wilson faced domestic disapproval from Republicans
  • wasn’t happy with Germany strengthening their empires (believed in self determination)
  • created their own peace treaty with Germany on August 1921
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27
Q

Isolationism

A

Not getting involved in affairs of other nations

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28
Q

Problems with self-determination

A
  • new countries had different nationalities/ethnicities put together, some unstable due to resentments after war
  • countries like Britain didn’t want to give up empire
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29
Q

LON covenant

A

Set of moral guidelines to help keep the peace

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30
Q

Aims of LON

A

Maintain peace
- disarmament
- arbitration
- collective security

Encourage cooperation
- solve social and economic problems
- improve working and living conditions

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31
Q

Parts of LON

A
  • assembly
  • council
  • secretariat
  • special commissions
  • permanent court of international justice
  • international labour organisation
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32
Q

LON Assembly

A
  • met once a year to discuss and vote on matters - first Monday of September
  • each countries delegate had 1 vote
  • all countries’ votes equal
  • vote must be unanimous
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33
Q

LON Council

A
  • created as council was too big to act quickly
  • 4 permanent members - Britain, France, Japan, Italy
  • met at least 4 times a year
  • could veto any motion from assembly
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34
Q

LON secretariat

A
  • in charge of admin + carrying out any decision taken by LON, except military issues
  • body of experts from different areas - e.g- finance
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35
Q

LON special commissions

A

Group put together to tackle issues LON was worried about
- disarmament commission
- health organisation
- slavery commission
- refugee commission
- commissions helping underdeveloped countries with economic issues and
- commissions supporting minority groups like women

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36
Q

LON permanent court of international justice

A
  • court of law (made of 15 judges from different countries) that settled international disputes
  • only gave advice
  • not compulsory rulings
  • LON had no army so was difficult to make countries agree unless they wanted to
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37
Q

LON International labour organisation

A
  • discussed + made suggestions to improve working conditions
  • made up of government officials + employers + workers from different countries
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38
Q

How many countries initially in LON

A

42

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39
Q

How many countries became members of LON

A

63

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40
Q

Significant countries not initially members of LON

A
  • USA- wanted to remain isolationist and stay out of other countries affairs
  • Germany- was not allowed to join as a blame term of TOV
  • USSR- communism wasn’t trusted
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41
Q

Countries that joined LON

A
  • Germany - 1926
  • USSR - 1934
42
Q

Countries that left LON

A
  • Japan - 1933
  • Germany - 1933
  • Italy - 1937
43
Q

LON punishments

A
  • economic sanctions
  • moral condemnation
  • mitigation
44
Q

Economic sanction

A

Penalties designed to damage economies of misbehaving countries

45
Q

Moral condemnation

A

Telling off a country and demanding they ceased action they were taking

46
Q

Mitigation

A

Getting countries together to talk through problems

47
Q

Humanitarian work of LON

A
  • labour - 77 countries set up minimum wage (1928), suggested 8 hour work limit (little support), suggested banning under 14s from work (little support)
  • slavery - freed 200,000 slaves in Burna + Sierra Leone, allowed Ethiopa in LON if slavery abolished
  • refugees - sent 400,00 prisoners of war home after WW1, set up camps for those fleeing Turkey/Greece
  • health - worked on malaria + leprosy + plague, set up hospitals, campaigned for wearing of masks
48
Q

Work of LON in 1920s

A
  • Vilna
  • Upper Silesia
  • Aaland Islands
  • Corfu
  • Bulgaria
49
Q

Work of the LON - Vilna

A

Failiure
- 1920
- chosen as capital of newly formed Lithuania after WW1 with mostly Polish population
- Poland seized Vilna and refused to give it up
- LON powerless to stop military aggression

50
Q

Work of LON - Upper Silesia

A

Success
- 1921
- region with valuable industry of German-Polish border with German/Polish population
- referendum held to decide which country to be part of - 60% Germany
- Poland said vote was rigged
- LON decided to divide between Germany/Poland, most citizens accepted

51
Q

Work of LON - Aaland Islands

A
  • Success
  • 1921
  • half way between Finland & Sweden
  • belonged to Finland but wanted to be ruled by Sweden
  • LON decided islands should remain Finnish but should respect Swedish cultures, both sides accepted
52
Q

Work of LON - Corfu

A
  • Failure
  • 1923
  • Italian dictator ‘Tellini’ sent to decide boundaries of Greece/Albania, was assasinated
  • Italy blamed Greece
  • Musollini demanded compensation, Greece refused
  • Italy bombed/invaded Corfu
  • LON morally condemned Italy + told to withdraw, they refused
  • LON sided with Italy, Greece had to pay and apologise, Italy withdrew
  • LON looked hypocritical + showed could be pushed around
53
Q

Work of LON - Bulgaria

A

Success
- 1925
- Greek soldiers killed on Bulgarian border
- Bulgaria apologised + investigated
- Greece invaded
- LON helped evacuations, forced Greece to withdraw + compensate
- Greece said league was being hypocritical
- damaged LON reputation

54
Q

Locarno treaties

A
  • 1925
  • 7 treaties proposed by German foreign minister (Stresemann)
  • Germany’s western borders set at Versailles should be permanant
  • Germany accepted TOV
  • Germany seemed to be moving on from resentment
  • Germany could join league in 1926
55
Q

Kellogg-Briand pact

A
  • 1928
  • 65 counties
  • agreed not to use aggression
  • suggested countries were committing to prevention of future wars
  • USA signed despite isolationism
  • no definition of ‘aggression’
  • no punishment for using it
56
Q

Significance of Locarno Treaties and Kellogg-Briand Pact

A

Weakened credibility/necessity of LON by undermining it and showing treaties could be sorted without it

57
Q

Washington Conference

A
  • 1921
  • USA, Britain, Japan, France reduced navies
  • showed some countries keen on disarmament
  • Japan became most dominant in Pacific
58
Q

Geneva protocol

A
  • 1924
  • tried to make countries use LON for disputes
  • strengthened LON
  • Britain refused to sign after government change
59
Q

Dawes plan

A
  • 1924
  • USA lent Germany money to help reparations
  • helped Germany’s trade recover
  • wiped out by Great Depression
60
Q

Young plan

A
  • 1929
  • reduced German reparations by 75%
  • helped Germany’s trade recover
  • gave them 59 years to pay
  • wiped out by Great Depression
61
Q

USA economy in 1920s

A
  • most prosperous country in world
  • wages high
  • mass production of goods
  • USA lent billions to European countries to help them recover from war
  • companies doing well so people borrowed money to buy shares
62
Q

Wall Street crash

A
  • 1929
  • companies doing well so overproduced - too much supply and not enough demand
  • people saw them doing badly so sold their shares
  • shares lost value
  • businesses collapsed
63
Q

How did Great Depression affect USA

A
  • stopped lending money and asked for loans to be paid back
  • 2000 banks collapsed by 1930 as people rushed to withdraw savings
  • 12 million unemployed 3 years later
64
Q

How were other countries affected by Great Depression

A
  • banks failed, trade halted, industries struggled
  • 2.5 million unemployed in Britain
  • 30 million unemployed across west
  • Germany relied on American loans, banks failed, 6 million unemployed by 1932
65
Q

How did Great Depression affect league

A
  • people supported right wing leaders like Hitler - nationalist parties prioritised country
  • countries like Britain and France concentrated on domestic problems not resolving conflicts
66
Q

Why did Japan want Manchuria

A
  • to expand territory after Great Depression
  • wanted more resources to rebuild and expand economy
  • controlled territory of South Manchurian Railway since 1905, easier target
67
Q

What happened in Manchurian crisis

A
  • September 1931 - Japan staged Mukden incident with rail explosion, blamed Chinese, used as excuse to capture Mukden and send troops to take over rest of Manchuria
  • Japanese put controlled weak puppet leader in Manchuria to pretend to give it independence
68
Q

Response to Manchurian crisis

A
  • sent Lord Lytton to investigate, blamed Japan
  • morally condemned Japan and asked them to withdraw, they took no notice
  • reluctant to economically sanction, Japan important trading partner
  • Britain + France occupied with domestic + depression + Hitler problems
  • USSR closest nation to send troops from but not in league
  • Manchuria far from Europe so not priority for many
  • some LON members thought invasion was good as China was weak/disorganised
69
Q

Aftermath of Manchurian crisis

A
  • Japan left LON in 1933, so did Germany
  • Japan + Germany signed treaty with Germany in 1936
  • Japan further invaded China in 1937, including Jehol Province, LON did nothing
  • showed dictators like Hitler/Mussolini that LON was powerless to stop aggression
70
Q

Why did Italy invade Abyssinia

A
  • Italy defeated by Abyssinia 1896, wanted revenge
  • divert attention from domestic problems (depression)
  • boost Mussolini’s popularity
  • make Italy’s empire great again
  • Abyssinia had mineral deposits and fertile land for livestock
71
Q

What happened in the Abyssinian crisis

A
  • December 1934 - Italy placed troops on Abyssinian border, Abyssinia asked LON for help
  • October 1935 - Italian troops invaded Abyssinia
  • Haile Sellasie appealed in person to LON
  • May 1936 - Addis-Ababa (capital) captured
  • May 1939 - all of Abyssinia conquered
72
Q

Response to Abyssinian crisis

A
  • Britain and France were saving resources for Hitler so didn’t go to war
  • LON used economic sanction, didn’t sanction oil+iron+steel
  • Britain and France didn’t close Suez Canal so weapons could get to Italy
  • secret Hoare-Laval pact gave Italy 2/3 of Abyssinia
73
Q

Aftermath of Abyssinian crisis

A
  • Italy left league in 1937
  • showed 2 permanent members within LON were more focused on personal interests
  • Hoare-Laval pact leaked by newspapers in December 1935 - public outrage, covenant broken
  • showed permanent members were willing to disobey covevant
  • Hitler became more confident that LON wouldn’t stop him
  • league’s reputation ruined
74
Q

Reasons for collapse of LON

A
  • not achieving original aims - failed to prevent another war (WW2 - 1939)
  • doomed from start - had to defend TOV which many members disagreed with, lacked powerful countries for long time
  • bad decisions - couldn’t show strong response to aggressors, let old alliance system creep back
  • had to deal with issues it couldn’t control - deppression weakened countries so had to deal with domestic problems not international ones
75
Q

Hitlers foreign policy

A
  • overturn TOV
  • rearmament
  • unite all German speaking people
  • expand Germany’s territory
  • destroy communism
  • eradicate Jews
  • anschluss with Austria
  • lebansraum in east
76
Q

British reaction to Hitler

A
  • Hitler’s speeches worried some Brits
  • some thought TOV was too harsh so ignored overturning
  • Chamberlain/Halifax favoured appeasment, trusted Hitler
  • minority warned against him - Churchill/Low
77
Q

French reaction to Hitler

A

Mostly unable to focus on Hitler due to domestic problems caused by deppression

78
Q

US reaction to Hitler

A
  • remained isolationist
  • 70% Americans said they regretted being in WW1, didn’t want to get involved and risk another war
79
Q

USSR reaction to Hitler

A
  • scared of Hitler as he aimed to destroy communism and Russia
  • joined LON out of fear but made no alliances
80
Q

Dollfuss affair

A
  • 1934
  • Hitler wanted Anschuluss with Austria
  • Austrian leader Dollfuss did not
  • Austrian Nazis killed Dollfuss and attempted to take control in badly organised way
  • Italy moved to border and Austrian Nazis backed down
  • Hitler denied connection
81
Q

Saar plebsite

A
  • January 1935
  • 90% voted to return to Germany
  • Saar to Germany returned in March
  • showing people willing to live under Hitler + Nazis
  • first step of Hitler to WW2 - more confidence + territory
  • army still weak - threatened to invade, backed down when Britain threatened sending troops
82
Q

German rearmament

A
  • Hitler withdrew Nazis from Germany from LON’s disarmament conference after France refused to cooperate, giving Germany excuse
  • March 1935
  • Hitler showed off secretly built weapons + vehicles + Luftwaffe (airforce) at 1935 Freedom to Rearm Rally
  • expanded army to 1 million men with conscription
83
Q

Stresa conference / front

A
  • April 1935
  • Britain, France, Italy
  • worried about threat of German rearmament/conscription
  • Mussolini worried about threat to his Northern borders if Hitler united with Austria
  • Stresa Front aimed to keep peace in Europe and Austrian independence + stop Hitler breaking more of TOV
84
Q

Anglo-German naval agreement

A
  • June 1935
  • Germany could build navy 35% strength of Britain’s
  • 45% submarine strength
  • undermined Stresa Front
  • weakened Britain and France’s relationship
  • broke TOV
85
Q

Rhineland remilitarisation

A
  • March 1936
  • LON busy with Abyssinia
  • USSR + France signed pact which Hitler said threatened Germany so put troops on borders
  • appeasement - Hitler thought Britain wouldn’t get involved, didn’t
  • Germans had orders to retreat if given French resistance
  • French having election campaign
86
Q

Rome-Berlin Axis

A
  • Hitler invited Mussolini to Germany to show off military
  • Mussolini sided with Hitler
  • signed in 1936 - officially linked countries
87
Q

Anti-Comintern pact

A
  • 1937
  • Italy joined Japan and Germany against communism, specifically USSR
88
Q

Hitler making Anschluss

A
  • wanted to unite Germans + use Austria’s armed forces + raw materials
  • Hitler encouraged Austrian Nazis to protest for Anschluss
  • February 1938 - demanded Austrian Nazi Seyss-Inquart be made minister of the interior
  • threatened to invade if chancellor Schuschnigg and cabinet didn’t resign, they did
  • Seyss-Inquart became chancellor, invited Nazis to ‘restore order’
  • 12th March 1938 - invaded to proclaim Greater German Reich
  • Britain didn’t stop him - appeasement
  • France government had resigned 2 days earlier
  • April - referendum held with 99% voting for Anschluss - rigged by threatening Nazis
89
Q

Reasons for appeasement

A
  • avoid war as not in good position for it - didn’t have guaranteed support of France/USA, armed forces not ready for another war
  • some politicians admired Hitler’s success
  • Britain feared communism
  • Hitler was originally too weak to be a threat
90
Q

Reasons against appeasement

A
  • Hitler became more demanding
  • Hitler proved he couldn’t be trusted to keep promises
  • politicians like Churchill were against it
91
Q

Sudeten crisis

A
  • Sudentenland on Czechoslovakian border with 3 million Germans
  • Hitler claimed government was discriminating against Nazis
  • Nazis demanded it should be part of Germany
  • May 1938 - moved troops to border
92
Q

Chamberlain’s negotiations with Hitler

A
  • 15th September - went to Hitler’s home in Berchtesgarden, said it was his last territorial request, Chamberlain believed him
  • 22nd September - went back, says Czechoslovakians will give him Sudetenland, Hitler changes demands (wants all non-Germans to leave), Chamberlain calls this unreasonable, prepares navy for war
93
Q

Munich conference / agreement

A
  • 29th September 1938
  • Hitler, Chamberlain, Daladier, Mussolini
  • Mussolini poses plan, really written in German Foreign Office
  • Sudetenland given to Germany but Hitler wouldn’t invade rest of Czechoslovakia
  • Chamberlain claimed to have made ‘peace for our time
94
Q

Who wasn’t invited to Munich conference

A
  • Czechoslovakia
  • USSR
95
Q

Czechoslovakia reaction to not being invited to Munich conference

A

Not happy they weren’t being consulted on their own future and were open to possible German invasion

96
Q

USSR reaction to not being invited to Munich conference

A

Worried about Hitler’s hidden intentions so horrified with agreement

97
Q

How did Hitler take Czechoslovakia

A
  • Czechoslovakia in anarchy after losing Sudetenland, Slovakia demanded independence
  • Hitler persuaded Czechoslovakian president to allow German troops in to and ‘restore order’
  • 15th March 1939 - Nazis marched into rest of Czechoslovakia
98
Q

Why did Britain abandon policy of appeasement

A
  • Hitler had broken promises
  • Hitler took non-German land so many countries risked invasion
  • abandoned policy after Germany took rest of Czechoslovakia
99
Q

Britain/France agreement with Poland

A
  • April 1939
  • Britain/France would support Poland if Hitler invaded
  • Chamberlain prepared military for war + made arrangements for public safety
100
Q

Pact of steel

A
  • May 1939
  • Germany and Italy would support each other in war
101
Q

Nazi-Soviet Pact

A
  • Stalin suspicious of Hitler/Nazis
  • Britain/France wanted USSR to help protect Poland (they were far away, USSR close)
  • USSR didn’t trust Britain/France after being left out of Munich conference
  • Stalin negotiated with Hitler to protect USSR
  • signed Nazi Soviet pact in August 1939
  • secretly planned to divide Poland between Germany and USSR, Hitler didn’t intend to keep promises
  • gave Stalin time to prepare for war
102
Q

Hitler’s invasion of Poland

A
  • 1st September 1939
  • Britain and France ordered him to leave, Hitler ignored
  • Britain declared war on Germany on 3rd September 1939

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