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Conflict and Tension Flashcards

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1
Q

When did Germany request an armistice

A

October 1918

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2
Q

Why did Germany request an armistice

A
  • they were beaten and retreating
  • Germany was political chaos
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3
Q

Armistice terms

A
  • German troops to evacuate France, Belgium, within 2 weeks
  • naval blockade to remain in place on Germany
  • Germany to accept blame and pay reparations
  • Germany to evacuate Rhineland
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4
Q

When was the armistice signed

A

11th November 1918

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5
Q

What did Germany want an armistice based on

A

Wilson’s 14 points

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6
Q

Woodrow Wilson main points

A
  • LON set up
  • Self determination
  • No secret treaties
  • Colonies has say in their future
  • Disarmament
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7
Q

Paris Peace Conference

A
  • Began January 1919
  • People suffered after war
  • Food shortages months after
  • Pressure from people to make Germany pay
  • Conference lasted 6 months
  • 32 countries
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8
Q

Which countries weren’t invited to the Paris peace conference

A
  • Germany
  • Austria-Hungary
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9
Q

TOV Blame Terms

A
  • article 231- War guilt clause, Germany took full responsibility for WW1
  • LON Created and Germany not allowed to Join
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10
Q

TOV Military Terms

A
  • army limited to 100,000 men without conscription
  • Rhineland (bordered France) demilitarised
  • navy limited to 15,000 men and 6 old battleships
  • not allowed tanks, submarines, or air force
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11
Q

TOV Territorial Terms

A
  • Lost 10% of land and 12.5% of population
  • Danzig made free to be controlled by LON
  • Alsace-Lorraine returned to France
  • Poland made independent with free sea access
  • Germany split by Polish corridor
  • 11 overseas colonies given as mandate to LON and controlled by Britain and France
  • West Prussia and Posen to Poland
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12
Q

TOV Economic Terms

A
  • article 232- £6.6 million in reparations to France
  • Saar put under control of LON for 15 years- important industrial area for Germany
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13
Q

Lloyd George TOV Aims

A
  • punish Germany to please public but not be too harsh (may lead to another war)
  • strengthen British trade, reduce German empire/navy
  • maintain strong trade with Germany
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14
Q

Woodrow Wilson TOV Aims

A
  • fair peace, 14 points
  • wanted nations to disarm, self determination
  • LON set up, avoid war, democracy around the world
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15
Q

George Clemenceau TOV Aims

A
  • wanted be very harsh on Germany
  • motivated by France being most seriously damaged
  • wanted to make Germany pay and never be a threat, on same border, weaken defences
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16
Q

German President Ebert signing TOV

A
  • June 28th 1919
  • originally refused, generals warned Germany couldn’t face another war
  • public horrified
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17
Q

German reaction to TOV

A
  • People felt vulnerable and due to army limits, complained about disarmament double standard
  • Feared high payments would cripple them, suffered hyperinflation, loss of industrial areas led to higher tax
  • Loss of colonies hurt pride, worried about loss of land on border, many Germans lived outside Germany, had to become new nationality
  • didn’t feel Germany completely lost war, still considered troops heroes
  • protesting outside the Reichstag in 1919
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18
Q

British TOV reaction

A
  • Concerned about economic stability following treaty, reparations hurt trade with Germany
  • Britain was hesitant to join the LON but did
  • Some wanted treaty to be harsher
  • pleased with expanding empire, naval superiority
  • worried Germany might become disillusioned, cause communist revolution
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19
Q

French TOV reaction

A
  • pleased with Alsace Lorraine and military reductions, felt secure
  • some dissatisfied Germany wasn’t weak enough
  • some still concerned for national recovery
  • Clemaenceau wanted higher reparations, paid forever
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20
Q

USA TOV reaction

A
  • People wanted to remain isolationist, didn’t join LON, thought it would control their military and force them into wars
  • Wilson unhappy with treaty- too harsh
  • Wilson faced domestic disapproval
  • Wasn’t happy with Germany strengthening their empires (believed in self determination)
  • created their own peace treaty with Germany on August 1921
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21
Q

St. Germain treaty

A

1919 - Austria

  • separated Austria from Hungary
  • took away land - Bosnia
  • made Austria limit it’s army
  • created new countries
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22
Q

Neuilly treaty

A

Bulgaria - 1919

  • took away land
  • denied access to sea
  • made Bulgaria reduce its army
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23
Q

Sèvres treaty

A

Turkey - 1920

  • lost land - parts of Turkey became mandates s.g. Syria
  • lost control of Black Sea
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24
Q

Trianon treaty

A

Hungary - 1920

  • took away land e.g. Croatia
  • made Hungary reduce it’s army
  • created new countries
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25
Q

Aims of LON

A

Maintain peace
- disarmament
- arbitration
- collective security

Encourage cooperation
- solve social and economic problems
- improve working and living conditions

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26
Q

LON Assembly

A
  • met once a year - first Monday of September
  • each countries delegate had 1 vote, must be unanimous
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27
Q

LON Council

A
  • 4 permanent members
  • Britain, France, Japan, Italy
  • met at least 4 times a year
  • could veto any motion from the assembly
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28
Q

LON secretariat

A

Carried out work of the league - e.g. civil service

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29
Q

LON international labour organisation

A
  • made of government officials from different countries
  • discussed and suggested ways to improve working conditions
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30
Q

LON permanent court of international justice

A
  • 15 judges
  • settles international disputes
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31
Q

LON special commissions

A
  • worked on humanitarian issues
  • e.g. health organisation, women’s rights, refugees
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32
Q

Countries not members of LON

A

USA- wanted to remain isolationist and stay out of other countries affairs

Germany- was not allowed to join as a blame term of TOV

USSR- communism wasn’t trusted

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33
Q

LON covenant

A

Set of moral guidelines to help keep the peace

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34
Q

LON weaknesses

A
  • missing USA, USSR, Germany
  • Britain and France not strong enough after WW1
  • sanctions only worked if countries applied them - some too weak after WW1
  • didn’t organise Locarno treaties/Kellogg-Briand pact
35
Q

LON punishments

A
  • economic sanctions
  • moral condemnation
  • mitigation
36
Q

Work of LON - Upper Silesia

A

Success

Region with valuable industry of German-Polish border

Referendum held to decide which country to be part of, vote to close to call

1921- LON decided to divide between Germany/Poland, most citizens accepted

37
Q

Work of LON - Aaland Islands

A

Success

Half way between Finland & Sweden

Belonged to Finland but wanted to be ruled by Sweden

1921- LON decided islands should remain Finnish, both sides accepted

38
Q

Work of LON - Bulgaria

A

Success

Invaded by Greece in 1925 over border dispute

LON ordered Greece to withdraw, it obeyed

39
Q

Work of LON - Corfu

A

Failure

  • Invaded by Italy in 1932 after Italian diplomat was shot
  • LON morally condemned Italy + told to withdraw, they refused and demanded compensation from Greece
  • LON sided with Italy, Greece had to pay and apologise, Italy withdrew
  • LON looked hypocritical and showed could be pushed around
40
Q

Work of the LON - Vilna

A

Failure

Chosen as capital of newly formed Lithuania after WW1

Most of population of Vilna were Polish

Poland seized Vilna and refused to give it up

LON powerless to stop military aggression

41
Q

Work of the LON - The Ruhr

A

Failure

Industrial region Invaded by France in 1923 after Germany missed reparations payment

LON didn’t intervene as France was on the council

USA stepped in with Dawes plan to help Germany

42
Q

Causes of Manchurian crisis

A

Japan wanted to expand territory after Great Depression

Wanted more resources to rebuild and expand economy

Japan controlled territory and rail in the area, easier

43
Q

What happened in Manchurian crisis

A

September 1931- Japan staged Mukden incident with rail explosion, blamed Chinese and invaded

Put puppet leader in Manchuria

LON sent Lord Lytton to investigate, blamed Japan but league did nothing

44
Q

LON’s action to Manchurian crisis

A

Morally condemned Japan and asked them to withdraw, they took no notice

Reluctant to economically sanction, Japan important trading partner

Britain and France occupied with domestic, depression, Hitler problems

USSR closest nation to send troops but not in league

Manchuria far from Europe so not priority for many

45
Q

Significance of Manchurian crisis

A

Japan also invaded Jehol province, China

Japan left league in 1933, and Germany

Japan and Germany signed alliance in 1936 and further invaded China

LON did nothing, showed Hitler and Mussolini it was powerless

46
Q

Disadvantages of self-determination

A
  • new countries had different nationalities and ethnicities put together, caused wars
  • countries like Britain didn’t want to give up empire
47
Q

What happened to the navy towards the end of the WW1

A
  • sailors mutinied on November 3rd 1918
  • this triggered a series of revolts across the country
48
Q

When did the German Kaiser abdicate

A

9th November 1918

49
Q

When did USA join WW1

A

4th April 1917

50
Q

Main countries formed out of Austria-Hungary

A
  • Czechoslovakia
  • Yugoslavia
51
Q

Turk reaction to Sèvres

A
  • hated
  • nationalist Mustafa Kemal resisted treaty and forced changes
  • Treaty of Lausanne 1919 - reduced territory to be lost, stopped reparations
52
Q

Why wasn’t Bulgaria punished as harshly in Sèvres treaty

A

Didn’t have as much involvement in WW1

53
Q

Washington Conference

A

1921

  • USA, Britain, Japan, France reduced navies
  • Japan became most dominant in Pacific
54
Q

Geneva protocol

A

1924

  • tried to make countries use LON for disputes
  • strengthened LON
  • Britain refused to sign
55
Q

Dawes plan

A

1924

  • USA lent Germany money to help reparations
  • wiped out by Great Depression
56
Q

Young plan

A

1929

  • reduced German reparations by 75%
  • gave them 59 years to pay
  • wiped out by Great Depression
57
Q

Locarno treaties

A

1925

  • Germany accepted TOV
  • proposed by German foreign minister (Stresemann)
  • Germany could join league in 1926
58
Q

Kellogg-Briand pact

A

1928

  • 65 counties agreed not to use aggression
  • no definition of ‘aggression’
  • no punishment for using it
59
Q

Wall Street crash causes

A
  • companies doing well so overproduced
  • people saw them doing badly so sold their shares
  • shares lost value
  • businesses collapsed
60
Q

How did Great Depression affect USA

A
  • stopped lending money and asked for loans to be paid back
  • 2000 banks collapsed by 1930
  • 12 million unemployed
61
Q

How were other countries affected by Great Depression

A
  • banks failed, trade halted, industries struggled
  • 2.5 million unemployed in Britain, 30 million across west
  • Germany relied on loans, banks failed, 6 million unemployed
62
Q

How did Great Depression affect league

A
  • people supported right wing leaders, e.g. Hitler
  • countries like Britain and France concentrated on domestic problems not resolving conflicts
63
Q

Reasons for Abyssinian invasion

A
  • Italy defeated by Abyssinia 1896, wanted revenge
  • divert attention from domestic problems (depression)
  • boost Mussolini’s popularity
  • make Italy’s empire great again
64
Q

What happened in the Abyssinian crisis

A
  • October 1935 - Italian troops invaded Abyssinia
  • Haile Sellasie appealed in person to LON
  • LON used economic sanction, didn’t sanction oil
  • Britain and France didn’t close Suez Canal
  • May 1939 - conquered all of Abyssinia
65
Q

Response to Abyssinian crisis

A
  • Britain and France were saving resources for Hitler so didn’t go to war
  • secret Hoare-Laval pact caused public outrage, gave Italy 2/3 of Abyssinia
  • Hitler became more confident
66
Q

What caused rise in dictators

A
  • The depression
  • democracy failing
  • communism threatened Europe
  • disarmament failed
67
Q

Hitlers foreign policy

A
  • overturn TOV
  • rearmament
  • unite all German speaking people
  • expand Germany’s territory
  • destroy communism
  • eradicate Jews
  • anschluss
  • lebansraum in east
68
Q

Dollfuss affair

A

1934

  • Hitler wanted Austria to be part of Germany
  • Austrian leader Dollfuss did not
  • Austrian Nazis killed Dollfuss and attempted to take control in badly organised way
  • Italy moved to border and Austrian Nazis backed down
  • Hitler denied connection
69
Q

Hitler taking Saar

A

1935

  • held plebiscite
  • 90% voted to return to Germany
  • first step of Hitler to WW2 - more confidence and territory
70
Q

Mussolini’s rise to power

A
  • 1922 - becomes prime minister after threatening to march on Rome
  • 1924 - changes voting rules to bring fascism to power
  • 1925 - establishes dictatorship
71
Q

Stresa conference / front

A
  • April 1935
  • Britain, France, Italy
  • worried about threat of German rearmament
  • Stresa Front aimed to keep peace in Europe and Austrian independence
72
Q

Anglo-German naval agreement

A
  • June 1935
  • Germany could build navy 35% strength of Britain’s
  • 45% submarine strength
  • undermined Stresa Front
  • weakened Britain and France’s relationship
  • broke TOV
73
Q

Reasons for appeasement

A
  • avoid war
  • some politicians admired Hitler’s success
  • Britain feared communism
  • Hitler was originally too weak to be a threat
  • Britain didn’t have guarantee of USA and France in another war
74
Q

Reasons against appeasement

A
  • Hitler became more demanding
  • Hitler couldn’t be trusted to keep promises
  • politicians like Churchill were against it
75
Q

Rhineland remilitarisation

A
  • LON busy with Abyssinia
  • USSR and grave signed pact which Hitler said threatened Germany so put troops on borders
  • Germans had orders to retreat if given French resistance
  • French having election campaign
76
Q

Rome Berlin Axis

A
  • 1936
  • Mussolini more confident after Abyssinia, sided with Hitler
77
Q

Anti-Comintern pact

A
  • 1937
  • Italy joined Japan and Germany against communism
78
Q

Hitler making Anschluss

A
  • Hitler put Austrian Nazi Seyss-Inquart as Austrian interior minister of cabinet
  • threatened to invade if chancellor Schuschnigg didn’t resign, he did
  • Seyss-Inquart became chancellor, invited Nazis
  • Britain appeased
  • France government had just resigned
79
Q

Sudentenland crisis

A
  • Sudentenland on Czechoslovakian border with 3 million Germans
  • Hitler claimed government was discriminating
  • moved troops to border
  • promised chamberlain he wouldn’t invade Czechoslovakia
  • Britain appeased
80
Q

Munich conference / agreement

A
  • Hitler, chamberlain, Daladier, Mussolini meet 29th September 1938
  • Sudentenland given to Germany by Hitler wouldn’t invade Czechoslovakia
81
Q

How did Hitler take Czechoslovakia

A
  • by 1939, Czechoslovakia in anarchy
  • Hitler persuaded for German troops to go and restore order
  • 15th March 1939 - Nazis march into rest of Czechoslovakia
82
Q

Nazi-Soviet Pact

A
  • Stalin suspicious of Hitler
  • didn’t trust Britain or France after being left out of Munich conference
  • Stalin negotiated with Hitler to protect USSR
  • signed Nazi Soviet pact it August 1939
  • secretly planned to divide Poland between Germany and USSR
  • have Stalin time to prepare for war
83
Q

Hitler’s invasion of Poland

A
  • invaded on 1st September 1939
  • Britain and France ordered him to leave, Hitler ignored
  • Britain declared war on Germany on 3rd September 1939
84
Q

Pact of steel

A
  • May 1939
  • Germany and Italy
  • chance for Italy to gain land

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