Prenatal-newborn Flashcards
Amniotic fluid
Fluid that suspends the fetus within the amnion, cushioning the fetus from injury, regulating temperature, and allowing the fetus to move freely
Antepartum
Occurring before child birth
in reference to the pregnant woman also known as antepartal
Cephalocaudal
Latterly “Head to toe” used to denote developmental progression in infants
Conception
Union of two sex cells: the ovum(f) and sperm(m)
Congenital
Existing at birth ( maybe genetic/inherited or acquired as in congenital disorders)
Development
Change in body function
Embryo
A new organism in the first stage of development
Endrometrium
Mucous layer of the uterus, which forms the maternal portion of the placenta during pregnancy
Fallopian Tubes
(Oviducts)
Passageways for ova between the ovaries and the uterus. Also called Ovarian tubes or Uterine Tubes
Fertlization
Usually occurs 2 weeks after a woman’s last menstrual period.
Fetus
The unborn offspring in the post-embryonic period ( 7 to 8 weeks after fertilization) which develops in the uterus.
Fontnel
” Soft Spots” in a baby’s skull
Gestation
Period of development from fertilization to birth.
Gravida
A pregnant woman
Growth
Change in body stucture
Hereditary
The genetic transmission of physical or mental characteristics from parents to off spring
Infancy
A child from 1 to 12 months of age
Lanugo
Fine hair that covers the fetus body
Neonate
A newborn during the first 28 days of life
Newborn
A human being in the first 4 weeks of life
Obstetrics
Branch of medicine that deals with pregnancy, labor, delivery, and puerperium
Ovum
Female Cell
Sperm
Male reproductive cell
Prenatal
Before birth
Placenta
An organ joining woman and fetus during pregnancy in human beings and other mammals.
Trimester
3 months, as a trimester of pregnancy
Umbilicus
The navel or site where the umbilical cord is joined to the fetus
Zygote ( Morula)
Cell that results from the fusion of the two mature germ cells
What is the time frame for gestational periods?
The gestational periods are broken down to 3 month periods call trimesters
What is the total length of gestation?
The total length of gestation is normally 40 weeks
When does fertilization usually occur?
2 weeks after a woman’s last menstrual period
What are the 3 month periods or trimesters?
1st trimester: 1st day of last period to 13 weeks
2nd trimester: 14-27 weeks
3rd trimester: 28 weeks to end of pregnancy ( normally 40 weeks)
Describe the development of the zygote or fertilized ovum
The zygote divides rapidly, until it forms to a ball of about 16 identical cells, which is called a morula.
What is a critical stage and why?
The embryo is the most critical stage because during these first few weeks all the organs and structure of the human are formed.
List harmful influences on the embryo
Tobacco, Alcohol, recreational drugs, and medications.
Describe the period of the fetus
Fetus period lasts from beginning of week 9 to birth
When is the fetus considered viable?
20 weeks
Describe the role and function of amniotic fluid
The fetus is surrounded by a amniotic fluid filled sac, which provides protection, cushions, against injury, regulates temperature, and allows movement.
What happens with amniotic fluid during the late stages of pregnancy?
It is primarily fetal urine and lung fluid. It will increase in volume and slowly decrease at 40 weeks.
What is the role of the placenta?
Supplies food and oxygen, carries away waste for excretion by mother, slow the maternal immune response so the fetal tissues is not rejected, produces hormones that help maintain the pregnancy.
What is the role of the umbilical cord?
Connects the fetal blood vessels contained in the villi of the placenta to those found in the fetal body.
What are fontanels?
” soft spots” formed at the junction of the individual skull bones
What is meant by an orderly sequence in growth and development?
Growth and development occurs in an orderly sequence: A person must accomplish a simple developmental task before attempting another
Describe how the newborn’s reaction to both internal and external stimuli helps them grown.
It helps them develop physically, socially, intellectually, and emotionally
What is the “ Head to Toe” principle of development?
Growth follows a predictable pattern “ Head to Toe”
What does Cephalocaudual mean and what is an example of it?
The meaning is “head to toe”
example: A baby will lift its head before it sits up
What is proximodistal and what is an example?
The meaning is from the center or core outward
example: Babies roll over before grasping small items.
List 6 characteristics of the newborn
- weight ranges from 5.5 to 9.5 lbs ( average is 7.5 lbs)
- Girls tend to weigh less than boys, but boys tend to be longer
- Length caries from 18-22 inches
- Head maybe irregular in shape but is usually round
- Skin is pinkish or red
- the body has a round chest and slightly protruding abdomen.
12 weeks
- The fetus is 7-9 cm in length and weight 28 g
- Fingers and toes are distinct
- Placenta is complete
- Fetal circulation is complete
- Organ systems are complete
16 weeks
- The fetus is 10 to 17 cm in length and weights 55-120g
- Sex is differentiated
- Rudimentary kidneys secrete urine
- Heart beat is present
- Nasal septum and palate close
20 weeks
- The fetus is 25 cm in length and weighs 233g
- Lanugo covers the entire body
- Fetal movements are felt by the mother
- Heart sounds are perceptible by ausculation
24 weeks
- The fetus is 28-36 cm in length and weight 680g
- Skin appears wrinkled
- Vernix Caseosa appears
- Eyebrows and fingernails develop
24 weeks
- The fetus is 28-36 cm in length and weighs 680g
- Skin appears wrinkled
- Vernix Caseosa appears
- Eyebrows and fingernails develop
28 weeks
- The fetus is 35-38 cm in length and weighs 1,200g
- Skin is red
- Pupillary membrane disappears from eyes
- The fetus has an excellent chance of survival
- Eyes open and close
32 weeks
- The fetus is 38-43 cm in length and weighs 1,500 to 2,500 g
- Fetus is viable
- Eyelids open
- Fingerprints are set
- Vigorous fetal movement occurs
36 weeks
- The fetus is 42-49 cm in length and weighs 1,900 to 2,700 g
- Face and body have a loose wrinkled appearance because of subcutaneous fat
- Lanugo disappears
- Amniotic fluid decreases
40 weeks
- The fetus is 48-52 cm in length and weight 3,000g
- Skin is smooth
- Eyes are uniformly slate colored
- Bones of skull are ossified and nearly together at sutures.
Rooting Reflex
When stroked on the lip or cheek, the newborn reacts by turning their head towards the direction of the stimulus
Sucking Reflex
As a newborn grasps the nipple with the lips sucking should be automatic.
Palmer Grasp Reflex
The newborn tightly grasps a finger or other object placed into his or her hands. This reflex disappears as the newborn grows older
Moro’s/Startle Reflex
Sudden noises or jarring movements cause the newborn to throw out the arms and draw up the legs
Babinski Reflex
Hold the newborns foot and stroke up the lateral edge and across the ball of the foots. The big toe fans out and hyper-extends in positive response
Stepping Reflex
The newborn steps with one foot, and then the other , when help upright with the feet touching a surface.
Tonic neck Reflex
When the newborn is laying on their back and turns their head to one side, the leg and arm of that side extend and those of the opposite side flex
