Prenatal developmental concern Flashcards
determinants of intra-uterine growth and birthweight (15)
infant sex
ethnicity/race
maternal height
pregnancy weight
alcohol consumption
pregnancy height and weight
maternal birth weight
parity (number of pregnancies)
gestational weight gain
prior low birth weight infant
caloric intake
cigarette smoking
tobacco chewing
maternal age
socioeconomic status
full term infants in 10th percentile
2.5x risk of mortality
what is classified as low birth weight
<2500 g, 5lbs 8oz
low birth weight 2 distinct groups
pre-term
small-for-date
how can low birthweight can impact growth
smaller status
possible deficiencies in nm coordination and power
most common reason for miscarriage
faulty or incompatible gametes
chromosomal abnormalities
how many pregnancies lost before 20 weeks
10-25%
other causes for miscarriage
maternal age
illness
lifestyle
trauma
factors that do not cause miscarriages
sex, working outside home, moderate exercise
congenital malformation
abnormal condition present at birth
causal factors for congenital malformations
can be both genetic and environmental
which period is most critical for genetic malformations
embryo
how do abnormalities arise
alterations to the sequence of development of tissues, organs, systems
causal agents for malformations can include
trauma, chemicals, therapeutic drugs
radiation, infections, hypoxia
maternal metabolic imbalances
maternal substance use
prenatal nutrition is related to
placental
fetal
maternal factors
placental factors - nutrition
circulation and the transport of nutrients form placenta to fetus
fetal factors - nutrition
utilization of available nutrients
maternal factors- nutrition
overall nutritional status of the mother
adequacy of energy and nutrient intake and weight gain during pregnancy
teratogens
an environmental agent that causes harm to the embryo or fetus
amount of harm is a function of
babys genetic makeup
amount of exposure
time/duration of exposure
maternal smoking causes
hypoxia
affects weight and height development
alcohol consumption is associated with
fetal growth restrictions (dec weight)
abnormal facial development
impairment of the cns
fetal alcohol syndrome occurs in
1 in every 700 births
about 1/3 of children born to alcoholic mothers have
FAS
ARND
alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorders
exercise stresses
cv system and msk
moderate physical activity
no negative effects on fetal development
benefits for mother
when is exercise contraindicated
high risk pregnancies
FOAD
fetal origins of adult diseases
chromosome disorders
down syndrome
gene-based disorders
Phenylketonuria
cystic fibrosis
sickle-cell desease
PKU
intellectual disability, seizures, behavioural problems, mental disorders, musty odor
timely diagnosis and early treatment key to eliminating developmental issues
CF
respiratory dysf, inc. risk of infection, no cure
sickle-cell
2 defective genes for Hb cause the disease, 1 causes the trait
reflexes dominate movement during
later half of pregnancy and first 4 months of infancy
reflexes can provide
important diagnostic information for infant health and neuro maturation
primitive reflexes are critical to
ensuring nourishment and protection
postural reflexes are considered
the basis for more complex voluntary movement of later infancy
infant reflexes
disappear by the end of first year
primitive reflexes
dominate first 6 months
ensure survival, protection, nutrtion
produced subcortically
appear during gestation and at birth to 6 months
primitive reflexes ex.
postural reflexes ex.
postural reflexes are produced
cortically
some postural reflexes are considered precursors to
complex movements
most commonly used reflex used to determine neurological maturation
the moro reflex
asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
reflexes to monitor motor function
milani comparetti neuromotor development
primitive reflex profile
stereotypies
rhythmic, patterned, centrally controlled movement behaviour of infancy apparently not learned through imitation or a consequence of external stimuli
