Prenatal Development/Care Flashcards by Gurleen Grewal

Prenatal Development

1-8 weeks
what are the stages in these weeks?

Preembryonic
Embryonic

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Prenatal Development

What is the Preembryonic Stage

Fertilized ovum becomes a morula and then blastocyst before entering uterus

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Prenatal Development

What is the Embryonic Stage

Weeks 2 to 8

Implantation occurs (end 2 wks)
embryo susceptible to teratogens

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Prenatal Development

What is the 1st structure to develop in the embryonic stage?

Heart and neural tube

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Prenatal Development

How does the development occur in the embryonic stage

proximal to distal and cephalocaudal (head to toe)

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Prenatal Development

When do all organs form in the embryonic stage

end of week 8

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Prenatal Development

what is a teratogen

distrups growth/development in embryo/fetus and cause anomalies

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Intraueterine Development

What weeks and stages are involved in the intrauterine development

weeks 9 to 38
Fetal stage

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Intraueterine Development

What is the fetal stage

organs present and refine/mature

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Intraueterine Development

What happens in weeks 9 to 12 of the fetal stage

fetal movement begins
kidneys begin to function
genitialia fully differentiated

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Intraueterine Development

What happens in weeks 13 to 16 of the fetal stage

oogenis in female
blood vessles visible under skin
figer/toe prints present

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Intraueterine Development

What happens in the 20th week of the fetal stage

fetal swallowing
insulin production
laungo(hair)/vernix caseosa (wax)cover body as skin

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Intraueterine Development

What happens in the 24th week of fetal stage

lungs begin to form surfactant

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Intraueterine Development

What happend in the 28th week of the fetal stage

testes descend in males
fetus moves head downward
blood produce in bone marrow

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Intraueterine Development

What happens in the 29 to 24 weeks of fetal stage

subcutaneous fat deposited
fetal heart rate variability
CNS mature

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Intraueterine Development

What happens in the 33 to 38 weeks of fetal stage

Visual acuity 20/600
skin creases visible
hair on back/shoulder
lungs/CNS mature

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Intraueterine Development

At which weeks is the fetus viabile

survive with intensive care outside womb

**22 to 23 **

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What is the placenta

circulatory interface between the mother and embryo/fetus

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what is the functions of placenta

circulation
protection
secretion

of hormones supporting the preganncy

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What is the umbilical cord

from fetal side of placents
covered in wharton jelly

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What is the function of the Umbilical Cord

tube to aid blood taveling to and from embryo
support and protect vessles

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What are the functions of the vein and arteries of the umbilical cord

1 large vein: carriers oxygenated blood to embryo
2 small arteries: carries deoxygenated blood to placenta

Physiological Changes

What are the changes in the integumentary system

straue gravidarum: stretch marks
Linea nigar
Nevi (moles)
macules (feckles)
aroelae darken
longer hair

Physiological Changes

What are characteristics of Straie gravidarum

common on breasts, abdomen, thighs
dark/red

# Physiological Changes What are charcteristics of linea nigra

* dark line from pubic to fundus * in darker skin women

# Physiological Changes What are the changes in Endorcine System changes

* thyriod hormones increase * Insuline demand * corisol levels increase (2nd trimester) * Oxycotin

# Physiological Changes What are the insulin demands

* decrease 1st trimester * increase 2nd and 3rd trimester

# Physiological Changes What is the role of oxycotin

end 3rd trimester * stimulates contractions initiate labor * postpartum contraction prevent hemorrhage * milk ejection during lactation

# Physiological Changes What are the changes in Respiratory system changes

* oxygen increase (15 to 20) * respiratory rate increase 2/resp min * diaphragm elevates 5cm * rib cage expands * increased estrogen

# Physiological Changes What happens with increased estrogen

cause congestion * swelling of pharnyx/trachea/larynx

# Physiological Changes What are changes in Cardiovascular system

* cardiac outpur increase * hormone reduce peripheral vascualr resistance * toral blood volume increase * wbc count increase * rise in fibrinogens (blood clotting factors)

# Physiological Changes What are changes in Urinary System Changes

* blood flow through kindey increase * glomerular filteration increase

# Physiological Changes What are changes in reproductive system **breasts**

* fuller breast * alveoli/ducts mature * nipples/aveoli darker * colostrum production

# Physiological Changes What are changes in reproductive system **uterus, vagina, cervix**

* uterus equals size of number of week in gestation * round ligaments streatch as uterus grow * **braxton hicks contraction** * **chadwicks sign**: clueish discoloaration of the cervix

# Physiological Changes What are changes in the Musculoskeletal System

* lordosis: curve to lumber spin increase falls * progesterone increase * abdominal walls separate

# Physiological Changes what are changes in Gastrointestinal system

**HCG**= nausea of early preganancy * progesterone slows peristalis: heartburn, constipation, risk of gallstone * metabolic rate increase (350 to 450 calories per day)

# Physiological Changes What are discomforts in pregnancy: **1st trimester**

* fatigue (encourage resting, prenatal vitamins) * breast tenderness (supporative bra) * nausea (small meals, dry cracker, avoid grase/spicy food) * urinary frequency (report burning, decrease fluids before bed, KEGEL excersise) * Nosebleed * Constipation (increase fluid, reduce cheese)

# Physiological Changes What are discomforts of pregnancy: **2nd trimester**

* heartburn: elevate head 30 degree, avoid spicy/greasy food * supine hypotension: lying flat not reccomend, dizziness * leg cramps: elevart legs, flex foot, calcium sipplement * Backache: maintian correct posute, flats, yoga

# Physiological Changes What are discomforts of pregnancy: **3rd trimester**

* edema: feet up * varicosities: light exercise * dyspnea (SOB): posture, rest * urinary frequency: cotton underwear * **Braxton Hicks**: normal sensation, walking,

# Prenatal Care What is the prenatal care for low-risk patients

* appoitments every 4 wks till wk 28 * appointment evert 2 wks till 28 to 36 wks * weekly appointments from 36 wks to birth

# Prenatal Care What happens in first visit

* screening/assessment: health hx, lifestyle, medication, genetic risks * Lab tests: cbc, blood type, HIV, gonnorrhea, Hepatitis, and chlyamydia * educaion: health propmostion, s/s to report

# Prenatal Care Prenatal education :nurtitional guidance

**do**: exerciise, vitamins, extra protein, follow visits, report danger **don't**: ingest alcohol, illicit drug, raw undercook food, unpasteurized meat

# OB Classification what is Nulligravida

Never been preganant

# OB Classification What is Primigravida

first pregnancy

# OB Classification What is Multigravida

Pregnant twice or more

# OB Classification What is Nulliparous

Never given birth

# OB Classification Multiparous

Given birth multiple time

# GPTAL what is GTPAL stand for

G=Gravida T=Term Birth P=Preterm Birth A=Abortion/miscarriages L=Living Birth

# GTPAL what is gravida

how many times preganant

# GTPAL what is term birth

>/= 37 weeks (twins count as one)

# GTPAL Preterm Births

birth or losses from **20 wk to 36 wks** twins count as one

# GPTAL what is Abortion/miscarriages

any loss <20 wks

# Nagele Rule How to determine estimated due date (EDD) with Nagele rule

LMP(last menstural period) subtract 3 months add 7 days | example LMP: march 17- 3 months=DECEMBER 17 + 7 days = DECEMBER 24th