Prenatal Development and Birth

Question 1

First trimester (0-12 weeks)

Answer 1

-missing period
-breast enlargement
-abdominal thickening

Question 2

Second trimester (12-24 weeks)

Answer 2

-weight gain
-“showing”
-fetal movements felt
-increased appetite

Question 3

Third trimester (25 weeks - birth)

Answer 3

-weight gain
-breast discharge

Question 4

Ectopic pregnancy

Answer 4

a zygote implants in one of the fallopian tubes instead of the uterus

Question 5

Gestational diabetes

Answer 5

baby may grow too rapidly leading to premature labour or a baby too large for vaginal delivery

Question 6

Toxemia

Answer 6

increase in blood pressure that causes a pregnant woman to have a stroke

Question 7

Midwives

Answer 7

assessing, supervising, and caring for women prior to and during pregnancy, labour, and the postpartum period

Question 8

Drugs during labour

Answer 8

-analgesics used to reduce pain
-sedatives/tranquillizers used to reduce anxiety
-anaesthesia used to block pain

Question 9

Caesarean section

Answer 9

-3-4% of births are orientated in the breech position
-delivered by abdominal incision (Caesarean section or “C-section”

Question 10

Fetal distress

Answer 10

sudden change in a babies heart rate during birth

Question 11

Anoxia

Answer 11

oxygen deprivation experienced by a fetus during labour/delivery

Question 12

Cephalocaudal pattern

Answer 12

growth that proceeds from the head downward

Question 13

Proximodistal pattern

Answer 13

growth that proceeds from the middle of the body outward

Question 14

Germinal stage (conception to implantation)

Answer 14

-sperm and ovum unite forming zygote
-zygote burrows into lining of the uterus
-specialized cells become placenta, umbilical cord, and embryo are formed

Question 15

Implantation

Answer 15

attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall

Question 16

Placenta

Answer 16

organ that allows oxygen, nutrients, etc. to be transferred between the mother’s and baby’s blood

Question 17

Umbilical cord

Answer 17

organ that connects the embryo to the placenta

Question 18

Embryonic stage (2-8 weeks)

Answer 18

-arms and legs develop
-brain develops and heart begins to beat
-gonads (sex glands) develop
-bones harden and muscles mature

Question 19

Organogenesis

Answer 19

embryo’s organ systems start to form (at 6 weeks)

Question 20

Fetal stage (9 weeks-birth)

Answer 20

-growth and organ refinement
-fetus grows in length and weight
-can be identified as male or female

Question 21

Viability

Answer 21

ability for the fetus to survive outside the womb

Question 22

HIV

Answer 22

virus that causes AIDS can cross the placenta and enter the fetus’s bloodstream

Question 23

Teratogens (maternal diseases)

Answer 23

HIV, STIs (syphilis, herpes, gonorrhea)

Question 24

STIs

Answer 24

cause congenital anomalies in the eyes, ears, and brain

Question 25

Teratogens (drugs)

Answer 25

prescription, tobacco, alcohol, psychotropic

Question 26

Tobacco

Answer 26

-higher rates of miscarriage, stillborn, and premature babies -neurobehavioural disorders (autism, ADHD, dyslexia)

Question 27

Alcohol

Answer 27

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome -physical abnormalities -learning and behavioural difficulties -mental health problems

Question 28

Psychotropic drugs

Answer 28

meth, cocaine, heroine, etc. -suffer from withdrawal symptoms -vomiting, convulsions, sleep problems -developmental delays

Question 29

Diet

Answer 29

insufficient amounts of nutrients can disrupt prenatal development -spina bifida - birth defect of the spinal cord (lack of vitamin B)

Question 30

Age

Answer 30

the older a woman is the more at risk they are during pregnancy -heart malformation and chromosomal disorders

Question 31

Chronic illness

Answer 31

conditions like heart disease, diabetes, lupus, epilepsy, etc. can affect prenatal development -medication for conditions interfere with fetus growth

Question 32

Maternal mental health

Answer 32

maternal emotions cause an imbalance to hormones or other chemicals -fetus is more likely to have emotional/cognitive disorders

Question 33

What is the critical period

Answer 33

-occurs weeks 3-8 -when most rapid development occurs -organs are most vulnerable to harm

Question 34

Genetic disorders

Answer 34

autosomal and sex-linked disorders caused by recessive or dominant genes

Question 35

Chromosomal errors

Answer 35

-trisomies (Down Syndrome) -sex-chromosome anomalies (Turner's or Klinefelter's)