Prenatal Development

Question 1

Trimester

Answer 1

A period of three months which divides the duration of pregnancy

Question 2

Zygote

Answer 2

A full cell resulting from the fusion of sperm and an ovum

Question 3

Blastocyst

Answer 3

a cluster of cells, where some cell differentiation has occurred

Question 4

Embryo

Answer 4

the collection of cells of a human especially from implantation in the uterine wall before the development of organs

Question 5

Endometrium

Answer 5

The nutrient rich lining on the uterine wall in which the ovum embeds or that is expelled every month if pregnancy does not occur

Question 6

Implantation

Answer 6

occurs when the closure of cells which forms embryo attaches to the uterus lining

Question 7

Placenta

Answer 7

a temporary organ which transfers nutrients and oxygen to the foetus/embryo and excreting waste

Question 8

Amnion

Answer 8

the fluid surrounding the foetus that protects the unborn baby

Question 9

Chorion

Answer 9

The outermost membrane surrounding an embryo

Question 10

Foetus

Answer 10

the unborn child within the last stage of pregnancy

Question 11

Umbilical Cord

Answer 11

the cord like structure attaching the mother and foetus transferring nutrients and oxygen

Question 12

Teratogens

Answer 12

atmospheric pollutants which harms the environment of the foetus and effects their development of organs

Question 13

Neonate

Answer 13

a new born child after birth

Question 14

Adaptation

Answer 14

the process of change when a neonate becomes better suited to its environment

Question 15

Apgar Scale

Answer 15

method used to assess the health and adjustment of newborns after birth

Question 16

Reflex

Answer 16

The action which is performed automatically without consciousness thought as a response to a stimulus

Question 17

Fontanelles

Answer 17

The space between the bones of the skull in an infant/foetus, where ossification is not complete and sutures are not fully formed.

Question 18

What are the three stages of prenatal development ??

Answer 18

1. germinal, embryonic and foetal stage

Question 19

What is the main feature of the Germinal Stage ?

Answer 19

When contraception occurs in the fallopian tube and a zygote is formed, as the sperm fertilises the ovum. Zygote travels along the fallopian tube, undergoing mitotic division to develop into a blastocyst, ends as it implants in the uterus lining.

Question 20

What is the time frame of the germinal stage ?

Answer 20

approximately 14 days, occurring from contraception to the implantation of the uterus lining.

Question 21

What are risks in the germinal stage ?

Answer 21

zygote becomes stuck in the fallopian tube, called an ectopic pregnancy, or the blastocyst implants further down the uterus instead of at the top

Question 22

What are the main features of the Embryonic Stage ?

Answer 22

• referred to as the critical stage, as there is rapid development such as organs and limbs. The differentiation of cells also takes place. After implantation of cell at the top of uterus lining the cell divides into two, the embryo and the placenta. Neural tube begins to develop, as brain and spine forms.

Question 23

What is the time frame of the Embryonic stage ?

Answer 23

approximately 12 weeks

Question 24

What are the risks of the embryonic stage ?

Answer 24

Teratogens, as there is a large amount of development of organs and limbs, and if the environment is polluted it can cause deformities in the organ/limb which was developing

Question 25

What are the features of the foetus stage ??

Answer 25

rapid growth and mitosis occurs and maturation of genetic potentials.

Question 26

What is the time frame of the foetus stage ?

Answer 26

from 12 weeks - birth

Question 27

What are the risks of the foetus stage ?

Answer 27

exposure to drugs can cause addiction
exposure to nicotine can cause low birth weight
exposure to alcohol can cause brain abnormalities

Question 28

Role of the placenta

Answer 28

temporary organ to deliver nutrients from mothers food and oxygen, while excreting waste such as carbon dioxide

Question 29

How does the mothers consumption transfer to the foetus ?

Answer 29

mother digests her food which travels to the intestine, absorbed into chemicals and transferred into the blood stream, passing through the placenta to deliver nutrients to the foetus

Question 30

What are the three stages of labour ?

Answer 30

1. Contractions
2. Birth
3. Delivery of Placenta

Question 31

Key features of the first stage of Labour - Contractions

Answer 31

The longest and most painful stage of labour as the muscular contractions forces the baby to apply pressure to the cervix, causing the water (amniotic sac) to break as it begins to move down the birth canal. Dilation of the cervix reaches 10 cm and the cervix, vagina and uterus becomes becomes one pathway known as the birth canal.

Question 32

Key features of the second stage of labour - birth

Answer 32

Baby passes through the birth canal and the umbilical cord is cut

Question 33

Key features of the third stage of labour - placenta

Answer 33

last few contractions

placenta is delivered

Question 34

What are the adaptations of a neonate ?

Answer 34

• provision of food
• lungs work independently
• swallow to gain milk
• excrete waste products
  body temperature

Question 35

Cell differentiation

Answer 35

the process where cells change from being general to being specifically formed during development to serve a certain function

Question 36

Perinatal

Answer 36

end of pregnancy until on month after birth

Question 37

Prenatal

Answer 37

before birth

Question 38

Antenatal

Answer 38

existing before birth, care of mother during pregnancy and early stages of birth

Question 39

Fertilisation

Answer 39

occurs when a sperm penetrates an ovum and the genetic materials fuse together to make a single cell called a zygote

Question 40

where does fertilisation occur ?

Answer 40

in the fallopian tubes