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MTM Exam 2 > Prenatal Development > Flashcards

Prenatal Development Flashcards

1
Q

What comes from the endoderm of the trilaminar disk?

A

Forms the endothelial lining of all the GI tract except the mouth.

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2
Q

What are the three parts of the mesoderm (in the Trilaminar disk)?

A
  1. Paraxial mesoderm
  2. Intermediate mesoderm
  3. Lateral plate mesoderm
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3
Q

How are the somites of the paraxial mesoderm split?

A

They are split into Sclerotomes and Dermomyotomes.

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4
Q

What does the sclerotome form?

A

It forms into most of the axial skeleton (torso) and neurocranium (cranial vault).

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5
Q

What are the two parts of the dermomyotome?

A

The dermatome and the myotome.

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6
Q

What does the dermotome form?

A

It forms into the dermis of the skin of the back.

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7
Q

What does the myotome form?

A

It forms into skeletal muscles of the torso and limbs.

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8
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm form?

A

It differentiates into almost all urogenital structures and suprarenal glands (cortex).

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9
Q

What does the parietal lateral plate mesoderm (LM) form?

A

The parietal layer of the pericardium, pleura, peritoneum, limb bones, sternum, and the dermis of body wall + limbs.

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10
Q

What is the parietal lateral plate mesoderm continuous with?

A

It is continuous of the parietal extra-embryonic mesoderm covering the amnion, part of the connecting stalk of the embryo and the chorion.

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11
Q

What are different names for the parietal lateral plate mesoderm?

A
  1. Parietal Mesoderm
  2. Somatic Mesoderm
  3. Somatopleuric Mesoderm
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12
Q

What are the different names of the visceral lateral plate mesoderm?

A
  1. Visceral Mesoderm

2. Splanchnic Mesoderm

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13
Q

What is the visceral lateral plate mesoderm continuous with?

A

It is continuous of the extra-embryonic mesoderm covering the yolk sac and surrounds the endoderm of the gut tube.

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14
Q

What does the visceral lateral plate mesoderm (LM) form?

A

The visceral layer of the pericardium, pleura, peritoneum, smooth muscles and connective tissue of the gut tube, cardiac muscle, and the vascular system.

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15
Q

What does the ectoderm form?

A

It forms into the skin of the epidermis and appendages.

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16
Q

What forms the dermis of the skin?

A

A combination of the:

  1. Paraxial mesoderm
  2. Neural crest cell
  3. Parietal lateral plate mesoderm
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17
Q

What folds occur when the Trilaminar disc is changing, due to rapid cephalic growth?

A
  • Head fold
  • Tail fold
  • Lateral folds
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18
Q

What are the two parts of the ectoderm (in the Trilaminar disk)?

A
  1. Ectoderm

2. Neuroectoderm

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19
Q

What does the neuroectoderm form?

A

It forms the neural tube (CNS, Retina) and the neural crest cells (PNS, face, mouth, nose, and pharynx).

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20
Q

What happens during the head fold of the Trilaminar disc?

A
  1. The already rostrally located heart and the bucco (oro) pharyngeal membrane shifts towards the ventral surface.
  2. Part of the yolk sac is put into the foregut.
  3. Enlarging of the amnionic sac.
  4. Involved in pinching off the yolk sac.
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21
Q

What happens during the tail fold of the Trilaminar disc?

A
  1. Yolk sac is incorporated as part of the hind-gut.
  2. Allantois drawn into connecting stalk.
  3. Enlarges the amniotic sac.
  4. Involved in pinching off the yolk sac.
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22
Q

What happens during the lateral fold of the Trilaminar disc?

A

The lateral body wall folds fuse in the midline to close off the ventral body wall, EXCEPT at the connecting stalk to pinch off the yolk sac.

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23
Q

How is the amnion and amniotic fluid formed?

A

Formed from aminoblast on top and epiblast on bottom.

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24
Q

What is the rate of production of amniotic fluid?

A

10 weeks: 30 ml
20 weeks: 450 ml
37 weeks: 1000 ml

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25
Q

True/False: The modification of the trilaminar disc (aka the enlarging of the amniotic cavity) also aids in head, tail, and lateral folds of the trilaminar disk.

A

True

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26
Q

What happens when there is too much amniotic fluid (>1500)? What is this commonly associated with?

A

The fetus will suffer from polyhydramnios (aka hydramnios). This disease usually results in GIT, CNS, CVS, or urogenital abnormalities.

27
Q

What happens when there is too little amniotic fluid (<400 ml)? What is this commonly associated with?

A

The fetus will suffer from oligohydramnios, which leads to fetal abnormalities. This disease usually results in renal agenesis (absence of kidneys), amnion rupture, or urinary obstructive lesions.

It is also often associated with club foot, pulmonary hypoplasia (incomplete development of the lungs), flattened face, single umbilical artery, and a narrow chest.

28
Q

What happens during the fetal period from the 9-40th week of gestation?

A

Growth and maturation of tissues; also the addition of fat.

29
Q

What is taken to determine the size and age of a fetus? It is also used to predict the expected date of delivery (EDD)?

A

Crown-Rump Length (CRL)

30
Q

Describes any structural, behavioral, functional, or metabolic disorders present at birth. Can run the spectrum ranging from minor (barely detectable) to major (life altering).

A

Congenital Anomaly/Congenital Malformation/Birth Defect

31
Q

What percentage of congenital anomalies are idiopathic?

A

50-60%

32
Q

What type of anomaly occurs in 2-3% of all live births, with an additional 2-3% (mainly behavioral) are recognized by age 5 years (total 4-6% of all live births).

A

Major Congenital Anomalies

33
Q

This is the leading cause of infant mortality (21%) and the 5th leading cause of loss productive years (18-65).

A

Congenital Anomalies

34
Q

What type of anomaly range from pigmented spots, short palpebral fissures to microtia (abnormally shaped ears) and occur in 15% of all live births.

A

Minor Congenital Anomalies

35
Q

True/False: Minor congenital anomalies are determined by themselves.

A

False; they cannot be determined by themselves but they can be associated with major congenital anomalies.

36
Q

Explain how minor anomalies are associated with major anomalies in percentages?

A

1 Minor Anomaly - 3% of the time
2 Minor Anomalies - 10% of the time
3 Minor Anomalies - 20% of the time

37
Q

True/False: Ear anomalies are very prone to be associated with a major anomaly.

A

True

38
Q

A group of anomalies occurring together having a common cause. The linkage between these anomalies is known and the risk of reoccurrence is known.

For example, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.

A

Syndrome

39
Q

A non-random (occur more frequently then due to simple chance) appearance of 2+ anomalies but a common cause is unknown.

For example, VACTERL (vertebral, anal, cardiac, tracheoesophageal, renal and limb anomalies).

A

Association

40
Q

What are the three groups of congenital anomalies?

A
  1. Genetic (A. Chromosomal Aberrations and B. Mutant Genes)
  2. Environmental (Ex. Teratogens)
  3. Multifactorial Inheritance
41
Q

Changes in chromosomal numbers or groupings.

For example, trisomy 18.

A

Chromosomal Aberrations (Numerical)

42
Q

Combination of genetic (polygenetic) and environmental factors (teratogens) that runs in families.

A

Multifactorial Inheritance

43
Q

The three groups of congenital anomalies make up what percentage of all known congenital anomalies?

A

40-50%

44
Q

What are most known chromosomal anomalies?

A

They are numerical, which make up 13-15% of all congenital anomalies.

45
Q

Which familial anomaly usually ends in spontaneous abortions (50%) and has major chromosomal defects (50%).

A

Chromosomal Aberrations (Numerical)

46
Q

The monosomy 45XO (Turner’s Syndrome) and several trisomies are apart of what type of congenital anomaly?

A

Chromosomal Aberrations (Numerical)

47
Q

Most numerical anomalies are due to what mechanism?

A

Meiotic Nondisjunctions (Mitotic Disjunctions as well but rare)

48
Q

What diseases are examples of numerical chromosomal aberrations ?

A
  • Trisomy 21
  • Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome)
  • Klinefelter Syndrome
  • Turner Syndrome (Monosomy)
49
Q

What diseases are examples of structural chromosomal aberrations?

A
  • Angelman Syndrome

- Prader-Wili Syndrome

50
Q

What are the different mechanisms for how down syndrome is caused?

A
  • 95% Meiotic nondisjunction
  • 4% Unbalanced translocation (21 & 13/14/15)
  • 1% Mitotic Nondisjunction (Mosaicism)
51
Q

What numerical chromosomal aberration has three number 18 chromosomes due to meiotic nondisjunction? It is also the 2nd most common trisomy?

A

Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome)

52
Q

What is the genotype for Klinefelter syndrome?

A

47 XXY OR 48 XXXY

53
Q

What is the genotype for Turner Syndrome (Monosomy)?

A

45, XO, OR 45X

54
Q

What is the mechanism of disease for Angelman Syndrome?

A

A microdeletion on the MATERNAL chromosome 15 (15q11 to 15q13).

55
Q

Explain the threshold effect of a teratogen and the critical period of pregnancy.

A

Teratogens can only cause an effect after a certain threshold is reached, and it is also dependent upon the timing of exposure. The first trimester is the critical period of organogenesis in the fetus (this is where an effect may happen). If the fetus is exposed during the first two weeks after conception, the child will likely die rather than develop an anomaly.

56
Q

True/False: The brain and CNS develops throughout pregnancy and can be affected at any time.

A

True

57
Q

Combination of genetic and environmental factors that runs in families. Many genes involved that have a small equal and additive effect (genetic component -polygenic) + environmental component (teratogens).

A

Multifactorial Inheritance

58
Q

A more severely affected parent is more likely to produce an affected child.

A

Recurrence Risk

59
Q

What are the four types of congenital anomalies?

A
  1. Malformations
  2. Disruptions
  3. Deformations
  4. Dysplasia
60
Q

This congenital anomaly occurs in formation of structures, especially during organogenesis (week 3-8). Usually results in complete or partial absence of a structure or major alteration. Caused by environmental factors and/or genetic factors.

A

Malformations

61
Q

This congenital anomy results in morphological alterations of already formed structures due to destructive processes. For example, vascular accidents leading to bowel atresias (no lumen).

A

Disruptions

62
Q

This congenital anomaly causes alterations of a portion of a body due to mechanical forces (i.e. club feet due to compression in the amniotic cavity). Usually involve musculoskeletal system and may be reversed postnatally in physical therapy.

A

Deformation

63
Q

This congenital anomaly is due to an abnormal organization of cells into tissues resulting in altered structures. Not confined to a single organ.

For example, disorders of connective tissue effect many sites all of which have the altered CT.

A

Dysplasia

MTM Exam 2 (5 decks)

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