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Growth and Development > Prenatal Craniofacial Development > Flashcards

Prenatal Craniofacial Development Flashcards

1
Q

what are the ectodermal derivatives of cranial neural crest cells to craniofacial tissues

A
  • epithelium of mouth/nose
  • skin
  • nervous system
  • teeth
    -eye
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2
Q

what are the mesodermal derivatives of the cranial neural crest cells for craniofacial tissues

A

-bone/cartilage
- fat
- muscle

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3
Q

what are the endodermal derivatives of neural crest cells to craniofacial tissues

A
  • respiratory tract
  • GI tract: esophagus to rectum
  • thyroid glands
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4
Q

at 22 days, the head and neck region comprises ~ ___ of the embryo

A

half

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5
Q

what happens to the pharyngeal arches during the 4th week

A

ventral mesoderm condenses into a series of segmented bilaterally paired mesenchymal swellings

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6
Q

how many pairs of arches are there and in what order do they arise

A
  • 5 pairs
  • arise in cranial- caudal order
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7
Q

what early prominences surround the stomodeum

A
  • frontonasal prominence
  • first arch (> mandibular process)
  • maxillary process (delayed appearance
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8
Q

which of the early prominences are paired structures

A

first arch and maxillary process

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9
Q

how do the first arch and the maxillary process grow

A

ventro laterally around the oropharyngeal membrane (OM)

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10
Q

what is the majority of the growth and morphological change in facial tissue mass driven by

A

the invading cranial neural crest derived mesenchyme

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11
Q

the paired first pharyngeal arches only give rise to the ____

A

mandibular processes

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12
Q

how do maxillary processes originate

A

as separate swellings rostral to the mandibular processes

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13
Q

what are the nasal placodes

A

thickening of ectoderm

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14
Q

where does formation and invagination of nasal placodes occur

A

in frontonasal prominence

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15
Q

what is the induction and invagination of nasal placodes similar to

A

neural plate induction and invagination

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16
Q

what are the two types of morphological processes for joining tissues and define each

A
  • merging: joining of two masses already partly in contact
  • fusion: joining of two separate tissue masses
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17
Q

what happens in merging in morphogenesis of the midface

A
  • merging of the maxillary and lateral nasal processes
  • medial merging of mandibular processes
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18
Q

what happens in fusion

A

-contact dependent fusion between MNP and MXP/LNP
- forms the primary plate and nares

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19
Q

what does the secondary palate arise from

A

medial aspects of the MXPs > palatal shelves

20
Q

what is growth and morphogenesis of the face controlled by after the immigration of cranial neural crest cells

A

ongoing epithelial- mesenchyme interactions

21
Q

what primarily determine facial form/shape

A

cranial neural crest cells

22
Q

what is the function of the ectoderm

A
  • support and direct outgrowth of the facial processes
  • guides differentiation of CNC
  • facilitating timely fusion of the facial processes
23
Q

what does the primary plate go on to form

A

the alveolus and lip proper

24
Q

what does the secondary palate go on to form

A

the roof of the mouth

25
Q

what is full fusion required for

A

to ensure the alveolar bone is continuous

26
Q

what is the third most common birth defect

A

cleft lip +/- cleft primary palate

27
Q

what are the palatal shelves a result of

A

condensations of CNCC mesenchyme

28
Q

when does the primary palate form? secondary palate?

A

primary: 7th
secondary: 10th

29
Q

when does ossification of the secondary palate begin

A

just before palatal development completes

30
Q

describe growth of the secondary palate

A

-growth either side of tongue
- elevation and rotation
- medial growth and fusion at midline and with nasal septum

31
Q

what is the incidence of cleft secondary palate

A

1 in 1000 briths

32
Q

what can cleft secondary palate result from

A
  • poor growth of shelves
  • failed elevation
  • failed fusion
33
Q

describe the interaction between the tongue and secondary palate closure

A
  • critical that the tongue lowers to allow the shelves to rotate to a position above the tongue
34
Q

what is the effect of macroglossia on secondary palate closure

A

provides a physical barrier

35
Q

what disorder of the mandible can be associated with failed palatal fusion

A

small or retrognathic mandible- pierre robin sequence
- causes the tongue to be forced backward and elevated

36
Q

where does the craniofacial cartilage first appear

A

in the mandible and shortly thereafter in the midface and cranial base

37
Q

what is the function of the craniofacial cartilage

A

structural support for shaping the growing head

38
Q

what does the formation of craniofacial cartilage precede

A

ossification

39
Q

when does meckels cartilage appear and what arch is it in and what does it form

A
  • during 7th week
  • Pharyngeal arch 1
  • forms template for the mandible
40
Q

what else does PA1 also contribute to besides meckels cartilage

A

two ear ossicles- malleus and incus

41
Q

since most facial cartilages are not converted to bone what happens instead

A

parts degenerate with caudal aspects forming part of middle ear bones

42
Q

what is the ear formed by

A

independent embryonic structures

43
Q

describe the development of the external and middle ear

A
  • derivatives of PA1 and PA2
  • intervening pharyngeal cleft
  • pharyngeal pouch
44
Q

what does the inner ear arise from

A

thickening of ectoderm (otic placode) dorsal to PA3 at level of hindbrain and subsequent invagination (otic pit)

45
Q

what are inner and outer ear malformations often associated with

A

mandibular defects

Growth and Development (15 decks)

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