PRELIMS WEEK 2 Flashcards
Screening test; also known as urine chemistry
DIPSTICK URINALYSIS
Night urine in general is not in excess of ____ml.
400ml
average volume of urine in adults
1,200-1,500ml
Less than 400 mL/day in adults is called
oliguria
● increase in urine volume
● more than 2,500 ml /24 hr
● 2.5 to 3 mL/kg/day in children (depends on weight)
polyuria
Diabetes _________
✓ increased salt intake and high protein diet
Diabetes Insipidus
more than 500 ml with a specific gravity of less than 1.018 at night
nocturia
● complete or total suppression of urine formation
● 50ml / day
anuria
capacity of urine container
50-100mL
Urine capacity container for 24-hour collection
3L (maybe up to 4L)
URINE CONTAINER IS ______ COLORED CONTAINER
AMBER COLORED CONTAINER
Urine specimen should be tested within how many hours?
2 hrs
urine specimen Should be refrigerated if not tested within how many mins after collection?
within 30mins
In unpreserved urine, the ph and nitrite increases or decreases?
increases
O Photosensitive
o Converted to biliverdin – will not react with reagent
bilirubin
o Converts to urobilin – responsible for brown tint in urine
o This is why urine turns darker while left out
urobilinogen
specimen preservation that ● does not interfere with the chemical tests
refrigeration
● Ideal for culture and sensitivity
● maintains pH at 6.0
● Bacteriostatic agent
● Prevents the bacteria from multiplication without killing
them
what kind of specimen presevation?
boric Acid
excellent sediment preservative
● Reducing agent (interferes)
formalin
LIGHT GRAY AND GRAY TUBE for
Culture & Sensitivity
A specimen preservation that
● Prevents glycolysis
● glucose determination
● drug analysis – fresh specimen is needed
sodium fluoride
___________________container
● Na+ propionate and chlorhexidine
● Urine is stable at RT for 72 hours
CHERRY RED/YELLOW TOP
Bacterial growth in an unpreserved specimen will:
A. Decrease clarity
B. Increase bilirubin
C. Decrease pH
D. Increase glucose
A. DECREASE CLARITY
monitoring insulin therapy in DM
2HOUR POST PRANDIAL
● used for “urobilinogen determination”
● Urobilinogen is stable at alkaline pH
AFTERNOON SPECIMEN (2-4PM)
● bacterial culture/routine urinalysis
● cytology
MIDSTREAM CLEAN-CATCH
● bacterial culture and cytologic examination
SUPRAPUBIC ASPIRATION
varies, metabolic function, physical activity, diet
COLOR
YELLOW PIGMENT
UROCHROME
orange-red ; brown pigment
UROBILIN
pink-red pigment
UROERYTHRIN
Polyuria or diabetes insipidus
Diabetes mellitus
Dilute random specimen
CAUSES WHAT COLOR OF URINE
PALE YELLOW
Concentrated specimen
B complex vitamins
Dehydration
Bilirubin (or amber)
Acriflavine
Nitrofurantoin
CAUSES WHAT COLOR OF URINE
DARK YELLOW
Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)
Azo Gantrisin
Phenindione
CAUSES WHAT COLOR OF URINE
ORANGE-YELLOW
Bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin
CAUSES WHAT COLOR OF URINE
YELLOW-GREEN
Pseudomonas infection
CAUSES WHAT COLOR OF URINE
GREEN
Clorets
Phenol (green)
Amitriptyline
Methocarbamol (Robaxin)
Methylene blue
Indican
CAUSES WHAT COLOR OF URINE
BLUE-GREEN
RBCs
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
Beets
Rifampin
Menstrual contamination
CAUSES WHAT COLOR OF URINE
PINK RED
MOST COMMON ABNORMAL COLOR OF URINE
PINK/RED
Porphyrins causes what color of urine?
port wine
RBCs oxidized to methemoglobin
Myoglobin causes what color of urine?b
red-brown
Homogentisic acid (alkaptonuria)
Malignant melanoma
Melanin or melanogen
Phenol derivatives
Argyrol (antiseptic)
Methyldopa or levodopa
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
causes what color of urine?
brown black
the fresh specimen is yellow but upon standing it changes to brown-black, the specimen becomes alkaline
alkaptonuria
fresh specimen is yellow, but upon standing becomes brown-black when exposed to air
melanuria
White foam= ?
protein
– in vivo breakdown of RBCs in the blood vessels
hemoglobinuria
A brown or black pigment in urine can be caused by:
A. Gantrisin (Pyridium)
B. Phenolsulfonphthalein
C. Rifampin
D. Melanin
melanin
o Amorphous urates; Radiographic contrast media
acid urine
o Amorphous phosphates, carbonates
alkaline urine
urates and uric acid
soluble with heat
● density of a solution compared with the density of a similar
volume of distilled water at a similar temperature
specific gravity
normal value of specific gravity
1.0166-1.022 average
sp gr is 1.010
isosthenuric
sp gr is above 1.010
hypersthenuric
determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen by measuring the refractive index
refractometer
comparison of velocity of
light in air with velocity of light in a solution
Refractive index
