PRELIMS WEEK 1

Question 1

• Smallest microbial group.
• Neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

Answer 1

PRIONS

Question 2

• Neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic
• not cells, but rather they are nucleic acids

Answer 2

VIRUSES

Question 3

If the organism is not identified to any of the morphology, it is?

Answer 3

pleomorphiC

Question 4

Gram stain reagent that stains the cell wall of the organism.

Answer 4

crystal violet

Question 5

gram stain reagent that Enhances the affinity of the
primary stain (Crystal Stain).

Answer 5

gram’s iodine (mordant)

Question 6

gram stain reagent that decolorize the primary stain

Answer 6

alcohol/acetone

Question 7

This gram stain reagent will will counter the attachment
or affinity to the cell of the
organism.

Answer 7

SAFRANIN (counterstain)

Question 8

• Any staining method that has a decolorizer component of the
  procedure.
• It is because you are differentiating one organism from the other.

Answer 8

regressive staining (differential staining)

Question 9

If an organism is a gram-positive bacterium, ________________ will
remain after the procedure of gram staining.

Answer 9

crystal violet

Question 10

If an organism is gram-negative bacteria, the crystal violet
iodine complex is removed by the alcohol/acetone allowing
the entry of ________

Answer 10

safranin

Question 11

All cocci are Gram Positive (+) Except:
o N_________
o Moraxella
o V_________

Answer 11

o Neisseria
o Moraxella
o Veillonella

Question 12

All bacilli are Gram Negative (-) Except:
o Mycobacterium
o C_______________
o Bacillus
o C___________
o A____________
o Streptomyces

Answer 12

o Mycobacterium
o Corynebacterium
o Bacillus
o Clostridium
o Actinomyces
o Streptomyces

Question 13

In gram staining, we are staining the cell wall or ___________ of an organism.

Answer 13

peptidoglycan

Question 14

Gram positive implies that the cell wall is ________

thinner or thicker?

Answer 14

THICKER (KYA MAS NARERETAIN UNG STAIN)

Question 15

What is the GRAM of the OUTER MEMBRANE?

Answer 15

GRAM NEGATIVE ONLY

Question 16

Found in all free-living bacteria EXCEPT in Mycoplasma

Answer 16

CELL WALL (PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER)

Question 17

Its functions are:

o Stores degradative enzymes which break down
large molecules; (β-lactamases).
o Aids in regulation of osmolarity.

Answer 17

periplasmic space (gram negative ONLY)

Question 18

Mycobacterium sp. and Nocardia sp. are gram-positive but
these two contain __________

Answer 18

mycolic acids

Question 19

they have a cell wall with a Mycolic
acid layer.

Answer 19

ACID-FAST ORGANISMS

Question 20

Made up of a long chain of fatty acids that makes them very difficult to stain

Answer 20

MYCOLIC ACIDS

Question 21

an enzyme capable of destroying the betalactam ring of an antibiotic (especially beta-lactam)

Answer 21

B-LACTAMASES

Question 22

Functions:
o Energy metabolism occurs here
o Hydrophobic cell “sack”
o Selective permeability and active transport

Answer 22

CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE

Question 23

Function: Adherence to cell surfaces (common), including
attachments to other bacteria during conjugation (Sex).

Answer 23

PILUS/FIMBRIA (gram negative)

Question 24

SINGLE flagellum is found on one
end of the microbe.

Answer 24

monotrichous

Question 25

MULTIPLE flagella are found on one end of the microbe.

Answer 25

lophotrichuos

Question 26

Flagella are found all over or around
the perimeter of the microorganism.

Answer 26

peritrichous

Question 27

GRAM OF NUCLEOID REGION

Answer 27

BOTH GRAM POSI AND NEGA

Question 28

Function:
o Non-essential genetic material
o Roles in conjugation (by Sex Pili), drug
resistance, and toxin production.

Answer 28

PLASMIDS (both gram nega & posi

Question 29

• Gram: Both gram positive (+) and gram negative (-)
• Chemical composition: 70s, 30s, 50s (Bacterial species)
• Function: CHON Synthesis (Protein Synthesis)

Answer 29

ribosomes

Question 30

• Gram: Both gram positive (+) and gram negative (-)
• Chemical composition: Glycogen, Lipids, Polyphosphate, etc.
• Function: Storage

Answer 30

granules

Question 31

vegetative forms of microbes wherein they lay dormant for years and replicate when the desired
environment is achieved.

Answer 31

endospores

Question 32

wHAT ARE THE Two microorganisms that possess endospores

Answer 32

Bacillus and Clostridium.

Question 33

Composed of two carbon-nitrogen
closed rings (2 nitrogen per ring
=4)

Larger

Answer 33

PURINES - ADENINE GUANINE

Question 35

It is an enzyme that cuts up and deactivates penicillin

Answer 35

beta-lactamase

Question 36

Gene for beta-lactamase is only expressed (turned on) in the
presence of?

Answer 36

penicillin

Question 37

• Transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a replicating
virus (bacteriophage).
• Can occur between prokaryotic cells or between eukaryotic
cells

Answer 37

transduction

Question 38

microbes or bacteria that are said to grow in cold temperatures (cold-loving

Answer 38

psychrophiles

Question 39

o Moderate temperature loving - Optimum growth
at 25 − 37. 𝑜𝐶
o Most clinically important microbes cause
infection to humans

Answer 39

mesophile

Question 40

Osmotic pressure that causes water to enter and can cause lysis → causes swelling

Answer 40

hypotonic

Question 41

the cause of syphilis and gonococcus

Answer 41

Treponema Pallidum

Question 42

___________ bacteria are relatively complex bacteria because
it is difficult to grow

Answer 42

fastidious

Question 43

The two most common fastidious bacteria are

Answer 43

o Haemophilus
o Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 44

This phase is called the _____ phase. This is where bacteria multiplies when it reaches its suitable environment

Answer 44

log

Question 45

It is a phase where there are equal dying and living cells

Answer 45

plateau phase

Question 46

The antibiotic treatments are placed on the ___________
phase because this phase has the most division of organisms

Answer 46

exponential