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nuclear medicine > prelims > Flashcards

prelims Flashcards

1
Q
  • medical specialty that focuses on
    the use of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis, therapy, and medical research
  • determines the cause of medical problem based on organ or tissue function (physiology)
A

nuclear medicine

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2
Q

Types of Nuclear Medicine

A
  • in-vitro
  • in-vivo
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3
Q

a test procedure involving analysis of blood and urine specimen using radiochemicals. Radiation detection happens outside the body.

A

In-vitro

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4
Q

special type of procedure that combines the use of radiochemicals and anti-bodies to detect hormones, vitamins and drugs in patient’s blood.

A

radioimmunoassay (RIA)

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5
Q

a test procedure in which trace amounts of radiopharmaceuticals are given directly into a patient to evaluate function of an organ to image it.

A

In-vivo

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6
Q
  • Also called, radiotracers because they trace physiological or pathological processes
  • Portrays physiology, biochemistry or pathology in the body
  • It is the combination of RADIONUCLIDE (detection) and PHARMACEUTICAL (carrier)
A

Radiopharmaceuticals

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7
Q
  • Detects radioactivity coming from the patient
  • Converts radiant energy into an electronic signal
A

Radiation Detectors

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8
Q

Smallest particle of an element that cannot be divided

A

Atom

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9
Q

number of PROTONS and NEUTRONS

A

atomic mass (A)

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10
Q

valence state

A

charge (-/+)

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11
Q

number of PROTONS

A

atomic number (Z)

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12
Q

number of atoms

A

quantity (#)

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13
Q
  • different types of arrangement characterized by atomic mass (A) and atomic number (Z)
  • stable nuclei
A

nuclides

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14
Q

NUCLEAR ARRANGEMENTS

A

isotoPes
isobArs
isotoNes
isomErs

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15
Q
  • are also nuclides but they have too few or too many protons.
  • UNSTABLE nuclides.
A

Radionuclides

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16
Q
  • process by which an unstable atomic nucleus spontaneously emits particles and energy and transform itself to another atom to attain stability.
  • parent nuclide transforms into a daughter nuclide
A

Radioactivity

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17
Q

Pertinent conservation laws apply during radioactivity

A

1) Law of conservation of energy.
2) Law of conservation of mass number.
3) Law of conservation of electric charge.

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18
Q

Decay Modes

A

ALPHA
BETA PLUS
BETA MINUS
GAMMA
K-CAPTURE

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19
Q
  • e emits an Alpha Particle consisting of 2 neutrons and 2 Protons.
  • resembles a Helium Element (He).
A

Alpha Decay

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20
Q

Discrete Energy (4 & 7 MeV)
Short Range (<0.1mm)
Specific Ionization (40,000 ion pair/cm)

A

Properties of an Alpha Particle

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21
Q
  • converts a neutron into a proton. The excess energy is released as a NEGATRON and ANTI-NEUTRINO
A

Beta Minus Decay

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22
Q

Same with electron’s properties 9.1 x 10-31 kg
Possess negative charge 511 keV
But different ORIGIN

A

PROPERTIES OF NEGATRON

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23
Q

converts a proton into a neutron. The excess energy is released as a POSITRON & NEUTRINO

A

Beta Plus Decay

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24
Q

same with electron
But POSITIVELY charged.
Anti-matter
Annihilates an electron.

A

PROPERTIES OF POSITRON

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25
Q

radionuclide converts a proton into a neutron by capturing its own electron resulting to the release of CHARACTERISTIC X-RAY or AUGER ELECTRON.

A

Electron Capture

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26
Q

radionuclide in its excited state deexcites by emission of one or more HIGH FREQUENCY PHOTONS

A

Gamma Decay

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27
Q

Same with x-ray but different ORIGIN

A

PROPERTIES OF GAMMA DECAY

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28
Q

Alpha Decay Conditions

A

Z > 82
A > 150

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29
Q

Beta Minus Decay Conditions

A

too many neutrons
too few protons

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30
Q

Beta Plus Decay

A

too many protons
too few neutrons

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31
Q

Electron Capture Conditions

A

too many protons
too few neutrons

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32
Q

Gamma Decay Condition

A

high energy state atom

33
Q

Time required to reduce initial activity to one-half.

34
Q

Types of Half-Life

A

physical
biological
effective

35
Q

time required so that the activity if the radionuclide is reduced to 50%

36
Q

time required for the body to eliminate half of an administered dosage of any substance

A

biological

37
Q

time required for a radioactive elimination in the body to be diminished by 50% as a result of the combined action of Radioactive Decay and Biological Elimination.

38
Q

1 Ci = ___ Bq

A

3.7 x 10^10

39
Q

1 Bq = __ dps

40
Q

Half-life of Fluorine 18?

41
Q

Half-life of Technetium 99m sestamibi?

42
Q

Shield used while processing, examining radiopharmaceuticals? It protects you from radiation

43
Q

dispensing of radioactive materials is done by RadTech (T or F)

A

F. Medtechs

44
Q

gives the measurement of radioactivity is present on your radiopharmaceutical

A

dose calibrators

45
Q

SI unit of Radioactivity

46
Q

conventional unit of Radioactivity

47
Q

Tc 99m sestamibi is a radiopharmaceutical used for the examination of what organ or organ system?

A

heart/cardio

48
Q

Tc 99m DTPA is a radiopharmaceutical used for the examination of what organ?

49
Q

radioactive pharmaceutical that goes to organ/s or cancer cells requiring sugar for energy conversion and metabolism

A
  • Fluorine 18 radioactive sugar. (F18-FDG[Fluorideoxyglucose])
50
Q

In-vitro is a ___technique

51
Q

in-vivo is an___technique

52
Q

CT for Anatomy is used and PET for function or Physiologic Detail. The combination of this is called

53
Q

PET stands for

A

positron emission tomography

54
Q

SPECT stands for

A

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography

55
Q

Half-life of iodine 131

56
Q

Parent nuclide of Tc99m is

A

Molybdenum 99

57
Q

manner or process by which an atom or a parent nuclide transforms to a daughter radionuclide is called

A

transmutation

58
Q

alpha decay is used for treatment in procedures like ____

A

brachytherapy

59
Q

Term used as a combination of therapeutic and diagnostic

A
  • Theranostic. Nucmed is an example of this
60
Q

nuclear arrangement of beta minus decay is__

61
Q

F18 is most commonly used and injected in___

62
Q

after the capture there will be vacancy in k-shell so the normal response of atom is to fill in. It is called _____. L shell will fill the void in k shell.

A

electron transition or electron cascading

63
Q

k shell energy is

64
Q

L shell energy is

65
Q

characteristic xrays only happen in ___ kvp

66
Q

How many electrons can an atom contain in its outer shell?

A

only 8 bcs of octet rule

67
Q

small bundles of energy

68
Q

Relationship of frequency and energy

A

directly proportional

69
Q

m in Tc 99m sestamibi stands for
ability to release gamma rays

A

metastable

70
Q

____ are used in nucmed while ___ are used in radiation therapy

A

gamma ray, xray (mv)

71
Q

3 types of half life

A
  • Physical
  • Biological
  • Effective
72
Q

nucleons

A

neutron/proton (atomic mass)

73
Q

heaviest sub atomic particle

74
Q

can be found outside the nucleus (Orbits) (lightest subatomic particle)

75
Q

uranium to

76
Q

radium to

77
Q

Used for treatment
High energy but should be malapitan (brachytherapy)

A

alpha decay

78
Q

Most commonly used in PET (injection of positron emitting radionuclide in PET

A

beta plus decay

nuclear medicine (2 decks)

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