Prelims

Question 1

made a passionate call for collaboration between
academics and conservationists to address rising extinction rates at the San Diego Wild
Animal Park, which led to the First International Conference on Conservation Biology
(Gibbons 1992).

Answer 1

Michael Soulé

Question 2

Founding member, _____________ described the growth of the field as “incredible”
(Gibbons 1992)

Answer 2

Stanley A. Temple

Question 3

highlighted the true challenge for conservation biology:
not just gaining recognition and funding but successfully preserving biodiversity (Gibbons
1992).

Answer 3

Ann Gibbons

Question 4

characterized conservation biology as a “crisis discipline,” focused on
preserving biodiversity by providing necessary principles and tools

Answer 4

Michael Soulé

Question 5

as early as 1970, emphasized the connection between biological
knowledge, political action, and ethical responsibility, urging biologists to address
biological problems relevant to modern society.

Answer 5

David Ehrenfeld

Question 6

who managed sockeye
salmon fisheries with rules based on intergenerational knowledge and local ecological
conditions

Answer 6

Tlingit and Haida Tribes in Alaska

Question 7

community leaders

Answer 7

yisatii

Question 8

Plato, through Critias, lamented how Greece’s land had
deteriorated from a once fertile state to a degraded one due to soil erosion and
improper land management.

Answer 8

Ancient Greece

Question 9

The principle of a “Sabbath” for the land, as commanded in the
Hebrew Bible (Leviticus 25), mandated periodic rest from cultivation to allow the
land to regenerate. However, this directive was often ignored, leading to
ecological consequences.

Answer 9

Ancient Israel

Question 10

Fengshui forests were established as part of a spiritual practice
during the Song Dynasty, with practical ecological benefits like preserving local
forests. However, these practices declined under modern political changes, such
as Communism and capitalism.

Answer 10

Ancient China

Question 11

The interaction between humans and nature is influenced by:

Answer 11

○ The environment’s characteristics (e.g., terrain and climate).

○ The economic activities that extract resources from nature (e.g., farming and
herding).

Question 12

The term “forest” originated in ________________, referring to areas where nobility controlled
hunting and timber rights.

Answer 12

Europe

Question 13

a province in ancient Greece, was mythologically associated with Pan, god of
the forest, and spirits of nature, making it known as an earthly paradise.

Answer 13

Arcadia

Question 14

Wordsworth’s poem ____________ highlights a shepherd’s life intertwined with the landscape,
emphasizing the value of nature and its influence on human character.

Answer 14

“Michael”

Question 15

a British clergyman, published The Natural History and Antiquities
of Selborne, based on over 20 years of natural observations around Selborne, England.

Answer 15

Gilbert White

Question 16

a naturalist’s journal that focuses on everyday creatures and local
surroundings, offering careful observations and simple experiments, delivered with
warmth and humor.
● His studies included insights such as the role of earthworms in soil productivity,
identifying the harvest mouse as a distinct species, and recording the hibernation
patterns of a tortoise.

Answer 16

Gilbet White

Question 17

condemned the negative effects of industrialization, while
anthropologist

Answer 17

John Ruskin

Question 18

observed a strong yearning for rural values and
countryside life in England.

Answer 18

Alan McFarlane

Question 19

reflected this desire for the simplicity and beauty of nature in their work, contrasting it with the encroaching industrialization.

Answer 19

William Morris

Question 20

APSB

Answer 20

Association for the Protection of Sea Birds

Question 21

The formation of the ____________________ in 1868 marked the beginning of organized efforts to protect specific plant and animal species

Answer 21

Association for the Protection of Sea Birds (APSB)

Question 22

BRSPB

Answer 22

British Royal Society for the Protection of Birds

Question 23

serving as a model
for land- and ecosystem-based conservation efforts adopted worldwide.

Answer 23

Modern National Park Concept

Question 24

Larger conservation efforts emerged in the U.S. with the discovery of the Yellowstone
region by ______________ in 1807, though his reports were initially doubted

Answer 24

John Colter

Question 25

explored the area in 1830, sharing stories of geysers, hot springs, and other
features, though his accounts were also met with skepticism.

Answer 25

Jim Bridger

Question 26

The Washburn Expedition, led by _______________ and ____________________
explored “Yellowstone Country,” named for its distinctive yellow rhyolite formations

Answer 26

Henry Washburn and Lieutenant Gustavus Doane

Question 27

Inspired by the landscape’s wonders, ____________________suggested preserving Yellowstone as a “national park” for public enjoyment.

Answer 27

Cornelius Hedges

Question 28

Following advocacy by expedition members, Congress established Yellowstone National
Park on ________________

Answer 28

March 1, 1872

Question 29

The first U.S. park to focus specifically on ecosystem protection was _______________ in 1934.

Answer 29

Florida Everglades National Park

Question 30

a key figure in U.S. conservation, focused on saving California’s Sierra
Nevada Mountains from logging, mining, and development during the late 19th and early
20th century.

Answer 30

John Muir

Question 31

In his writing, like the article ___________________________
Muir urged Americans to leave cities temporarily and appreciate the wilderness.

Answer 31

“God’s First Temples: How Shall We Preserve Our Forests?”

Question 32

Muir’s philosophy, called __________________opposed development and the exploitation of
nature for material gain, emphasizing the importance of preserving nature in its pristine
state.

Answer 32

“preservationism,”

Question 33

Muir’s advocacy framed a key question in conservation: ________________________________________This question remains central to the field of conservation biology and
environmental ethics

Answer 33

What is the best and “highest”
use of nature?

Question 34

encouraged westward expansion by offering 160 acres to settlers

Answer 34

Homestead Act of 1862

Question 35

intended to aid western settlers by allowing timber
clearing with a replanting requirement but was often exploited by timber companies,
leading to significant forest loss.

Answer 35

Timber Culture Act of 1873

Question 36

gave the president authority to set aside forest reserves, helping to protect western forests
from over-exploitation.

Answer 36

Forest Preservation Act of 1891

Question 37

When _________________________________became president in 1901, he embraced conservation, influenced by Muir’s preservationist philosophy. Roosevelt established many national parks, monuments, and wildlife refuges, laying the groundwork for the National Park Service and expanding the federal role in preserving natural landscapes.

Answer 37

Theodore Roosevelt

Question 38

This led to the creation of the _________________, with Gifford Pinchot as its head.

Answer 38

U.S. Forest Service in 1905

Question 39

The practice of growing trees

Answer 39

Silviculture

Question 40

During the reign of _____________________, Germany shifted from traditional “area-based” forest management (organizing forests by landscape features) to a more precise “yield-based” system. This system involved estimating tree growth and wood volume to predict sustainable harvests. German foresters developed standard yield tables for commercially valuable tree species, enabling accurate predictions of forest productivity over time.

Answer 40

Frederick the Great (1740-1786)

Question 41

a German forester, as
the first Forest Superintendent of India in 1864.

Answer 41

Dietrich Brandis