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BDV105- Conservation Biology > Finals > Flashcards

Finals Flashcards

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1
Q

Chief of the US Forest Service, announced
that his agency would be moving to an “ecosystem approach” in their management of national forests; making the Forest
Service the first environmental agency in the US to adopt ecosystem management as its official agency perspective

A

Dale Robertson

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2
Q

The integration of ecological principles and social factors to manage ecosystems to
safeguard ecological sustainability, biodiversity, and productivity.

A

Department of Agriculture

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3
Q

Activities that seek to restore and maintain the health, integrity, and function of natural
ecosystems that are the cornerstone of productive, sustainable economies.

A

Department of commerce

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4
Q

The identification of target areas, including Department of Defense lands, and the
implementation of a “holistic approach” instead of a “species-by-species approach” to
enhance biodiversity.

A

Department of Defense

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5
Q

A consensual process based on the best available science that specifically includes human interactions and management and uses natural instead of political boundaries to restore and enhance environmental quality.

A

Department of energy

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6
Q
  • The integration of ecological, economic, and social principles to manage biological and physical systems in a manner safeguarding the long-term ecological sustainability, natural diversity, and productivity of the landscape.
A

Bureau of Land Management

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7
Q

Protection or restoration of the function, structure, and species composition of an ecosystem, recognizing that all components are interrelated.

A

Fish and Wildlife Service

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8
Q

A philosophical approach that respects all living things and seeks to sustain natural
processes and the dignity of all species and to ensure that common interests flourish.

A

National Park Service

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9
Q

Ecosystem management to emphasize natural boundaries, such as watersheds, biological communities, and physiographic provinces, and bases management decisions on an integrated scientific understanding of the entire ecosystem.

A

US Geological Society

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10
Q

-Bureau Of Land management
-Fish and Wildlife Service
-National Park Service
-US Geological Society

A

Department of the Interior

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11
Q

To maintain overall ecological integrity of the environment while ensuring that ecosystem
outputs meet human needs on a sustainable level.

A

Environmental Protection agency

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12
Q

An integrative approach to the maintenance of land and water resources as functional habitat for an array of organisms and the provision of goods and services to society.

A

National Science Foundation

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13
Q

include movements of material, organisms, and energy that are waterborne or airborne, as well as movements of disturbances such as fire.

A

Ecological flows

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14
Q

include season-specific use areas, population sources areas, movement paths, or some portions of annual home ranges for populations within protected areas.

A

Crucial Habitat

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15
Q

Examples of an EBM approach known as sectoral management

A

Watersheds and wetlands

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16
Q

three critical elements needed for effective long-term monitoring programs.

A
  1. relevance- attained by establishing clearly defined goals and objectives that actually matter to NPS management and assessing these with carefully selected indicator variables.
  2. reliability– established by framing the data collection in the context of conceptual models that accurately describe ecosystem components and interactions– and
  3. commitment- created by an agency’s determination to continue the program with solid funding support and pre-determined pathways to feed information gained from monitoring back to management decision making that will demonstrate the value of the monitoring program.
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17
Q

Surveys that incorporate probability designs use a

A

spatially balanced sampling design

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18
Q

investigators first create grids at different spatial scales (“hierarchies”) and assign an
“address” to each grid point as a way of uniquely designating it. Addresses are then randomly sorted to determine a sequence for sampling grid points. Through randomization of addresses, systematic sampling now results in a spatially well-balanced random sample in which the probability of selecting any particular address can be determined

A

GRTS approach

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19
Q

most common and important uses of GIS are:

A

(1) creating data management systems for geographic information that allow users to enter “attribute data” (e.g., elevation, soil
type, vegetative cover, land use, and other variables) into files that can then be manipulated to display such data in new ways that are geographically or spatially sensitive;

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20
Q

is a visual or narrative summary that describes or identifies important components of a system and possible interactions among them.

A

Conceptual model

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21
Q

are amounts or levels of a variable of interest that the model counts or monitors.

A

stocks

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22
Q

are entities from which the stock originates (___________ or into which the stock is absorbed (___________)

A

Sources and sinks

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23
Q

usually expressed as equations, determine rates of movement of stocks to and from sources and sinks or from one stock to another

A

Flows

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24
Q

are values of variables used to
determine rates of flow.

A

Parameters

25
Q

show the path through which material is transferred from one stock to another, or to
and from sources and sinks.

A

Connectors

26
Q

important effects of herbivory on plant
growth and metabolism

A

Herbivory, the consumption of plants by herbivores, can have significant effects on plant growth and metabolism. These effects are influenced by the type, intensity, and frequency of herbivory, as well as the plant’s ability to respond and adapt to such pressures. A classic example is the response of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) to caterpillar herbivory. Caterpillar feeding induces the production of jasmonic acid, which upregulates protease inhibitors that disrupt caterpillar digestion. This chemical response illustrates how herbivory directly impacts plant metabolism and resource allocation.

Herbivory thus plays a central role in shaping plant physiology, ecology, and evolutionary strategies.

27
Q

individuals or groups possessing vested
interests in the persistence, health, products, state, or services of a system to whom managers have legitimate and defined functional, ethical or legal obligations.

A

Stakeholders

28
Q

dynamic relationships among actors, based on mutually agreed upon objectives, pursued through an understanding of division of labor based on the respective
comparative advantage of each member

A

Partnerships

29
Q

who said this “to develop scientific standards that can be applied to regulatory criteria and then to develop management strategies to meet those standards”

A

A. Dan Tarlock

30
Q

conservation biology “exists only because
biological information is needed to guide policy decision making”

A

Conservation scientist Dennis Murphy

31
Q

Soulé called four “normative postulates” that direct its intentions. These are:

A

(1) diversity of organisms is good,
(2) ecological complexity is good,
(3) evolution is good
(4) biotic diversity has intrinsic value, regardless of its utilitarian value.

These normative postulates assume normative outcomes.

32
Q

conservation “a policy in the service of a purpose…To have purpose means to serve an end, and value is imputed to whatever furthers attainment of that end”

A

Herman Daly

33
Q

refers to a general basis for an estimation of worth.
-represent judgments of relative worth, merit, usefulness, importance, or degree of excellence.
-can justify concrete objectives, such as conserving biodiversity, but they are not the same as the objective.

A

Value

34
Q

are systematic organizations of values that establish principles for conduct and behavior.

A

Ethics

35
Q

a logical fallacy that occurs when someone assumes that something is good because it’s “natural”

A

naturalistic fallacy

36
Q

was a pioneer in developing methods through which human values and attitudes toward wildlife could be assessed. In his book, The Value of Life: Biological Diversity and Human Society

A

Stephen Kellert of Yale University

37
Q

measure the usefulness of a creature or
object in meeting a need or providing a service to another, usually a human, and thus facilitating human welfare or happiness.

A

Instrumental values

38
Q

reside within an object itself. In
other words, something has intrinsic value if it is “valuable in and for itself– if its value is not derived from its utility, but is
independent of any use or function it may have in relation to something or someone else

A

Intrinsic value

39
Q

value derived from the actual use of a resource, is the easiest to measure and most amenable to evaluation by market forces.

A

Use value

40
Q

For every use, there is a unique
set of _____________________ which represent costs, or losses associated with the inability to use the resource to produce goods A, B, and C if the resource is being used to produce goods

A

opportunity costs

41
Q

refers to the value of a resource’s expected future use (i.e., what a person would be willing to pay to guarantee that the resource would be available for future use).

A

Option value

42
Q

is the value of preserving options, given an expectation of growth in knowledge that might lead to a future, but as yet undiscovered or unrealized use of the resource

A

Quasi-option value

43
Q

is the value of knowing that something is preserved for future generations.

A

Bequest value

44
Q

is the value of knowing something exists at the moment

A

Existence value

45
Q

He explains the concept by saying
that the human self “has a semipermeable membrane” of value perception. A person, or “self” in Rolston’s words, perceives something of the “natural” value (ENV) of an object in nature and this produces an internal recognition of that value, an “experiential value,”

A

Ethicist Holmes Rolston III

46
Q

is a philosophical and environmental movement that emphasizes the intrinsic value of all living beings and ecosystems, independent of their utility to humans. It advocates for a profound shift in human attitudes and behaviors toward nature, focusing on harmonious coexistence rather than dominance.

A

Deep ecology

47
Q

is the study of “how people make choices under conditions of scarcity, and of the results of those choices for society”

A

Economics

48
Q

where continuous threats to biodiversity and inadequate funding make it inevitable that conservation managers apply tradeoffs in decision making.

A

conservation triage

49
Q

there are three foundational economic concepts embedded in many conservation efforts:

A

Ecosystem services
Stock-flow
Fund-Service resources

50
Q

are combinations of interacting species and
their environment. They do many things, not all of which
are ecosystem services (e.g., a wetland).

A

ecosystems

51
Q

are the subset of these natural process
that actually generate benefits to people (e.g., water purification). Sometimes this is the production of a good.

A

Ecosystem Services

52
Q

are the actual things that increase human welfare (e.g., clean water).

A

Benefits

53
Q

are a special case of land-use
zoning that have been developed to make the value of conservation on private land more explicit and profitable to landowners.

A

Conservation easements

54
Q

include means through which local people share the benefits of plant or animal resources in their environment at sustainable levels, take ownership of the conservation of such resources, and have an active role in decisions affecting the use and management of these resources in ways that benefit them individually and culturally.

A

Integrated Conservation and Development

55
Q

“travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well
being of local people”

A

Ecotourism

56
Q

a system of institutional arrangements that facilitates conservation contracting through multiple actors and individuals or groups that supply ecosystem services.

A

IHRP (International Habitat Reserve Programs

57
Q

a political scientist known for his work on environmental science-policy interactions, offers four idealized roles for scientists in policy and politics

A

Roger A. Pielke Jr.

58
Q

NEPA

A

National Environment Policy Act of 1969

59
Q

ESA

A

Endangered Species Act of 1973

BDV105- Conservation Biology (4 decks)

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