prelims Flashcards
It is the process of establishing the identity of an individual whether living or dead. It refers
to the branches of science like pathology, genetics, biology and anthropology, physics,
odontology unite together to derive objective source of identification
PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
It is the
determination of the individuality of a person or thing.
IDENTIFICATION
METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION
BY COMPARISON
BY EXCLUSION
Identification criteria
recovered during investigatio n are compared with records in
the file, or postmortem finding are compared with ante mortem records.
BY COMPARISON
If two or more persons have to be identified and all but one is not yet identified, then
the one whose identity has not been established may be known by the process of
elimination.
BY EXCLUSION
FIRST KNOWN METHOD OF
IDENTIFICATION
TATTOO MARKS
SCARCIFICATION
Adopted by tribes during ancient times signifying their clan and family. NOT a reliable means of identification.
TATTOO MARKS
Means of identification by cutting or wounding some parts of the body that forms scars in time and forms pattern after healing which serves as identification.
SCARCIFICATION
It refers to the manner of walking or moving on foot.
- Gait
The straight line connecting the center of the succeeding steps (measured from heel to heel). It is more or less in zigzag fashion especially when the legs are far apart while walking.
Gait Line
The longitudinal line drawn on each foot mark.
Foot Line
Kinds of Gait
1.Ataxic Gait
2. Cerebellar Gait
3. Cow’s Gait
4. Paretic Gait
5. Spastic Gait
6. Waddling Gait
7. Frog Gait
8. Festinating Gait
A gait which the foot is raised high, thrown forward and brought down
suddenly.
Ataxic Gait
A gait associated with staggering movement.
Cerebellar Gait
A swaying movement due to knock knee.
Cow`s Gait
A gait in which the steps are short, t he feet dragged, the legs held more
or less widely apart.
Paretic Gait
A gait in which the legs are held together and move in stiff manner and the toes to drag and catch.
Spastic Gait
A gait resembling duck.
Waddling Gait
A hopping gait in infantile paralysis.
Frog Gait
Involuntary movement in short accelerating steps.
Festinating gait
Methods of Tattoo Removal
- Excision
- Dermabrasion
- Laser
- Salabrasion
It involves an injection of a local anaesthetic to numb the area after which the tattoo is removed surgically. The edges are then brought together and sutured.
Excision
A small portion of the tattoo is sprayed with a solution that freezes
the area. The tattoo is then “sanded” with rotary abrasive instrument causing the skin to peel. Because some bleeding is likely to occur, a dressing is immediately applied to
the area.
Dermabrasion
is considered to be one of the best methods of tattoo removal..
Laser Laser surgery
A centuries old procedure using local anaesthetic applied a round the
tattoo area after which a solution of ordinary tap water dipped in table salt is applied and an abrading apparatus such as the one used in dermabrasion or even a simpler
device is used such as a wooden block wrapped in gauze.
Salabrasion
They are composed of fibrous tissues which take the place of the original tissues which have been injured or destroyed. They are devoid of specialized tissue so they do not contain pigment layers, sweat or sebaceous glands.
Scars
Some Scars May Show Characteristics Appearance
- Surgical Operation
- Burns and Scalds
- Gunshot Wounds
- Tuberculous Sinus
- Gumma
- Venesection
- Lupus
- Wet Cupping
Regular form and location with stitch marks.
Surgical Operation
Scars are large, irregular in shape and may be keloid.
Burns and Scalds
Disc like with depressed center. They may be adherent to the underlying tissues.
Gunshot Wounds
Irregular in shape, furrowed, with edges hardened and uneven.
Tuberculous Sinus
Depressed scar following loss tissue.
Gumma
Located at bend of elbow, dorsum of feet, or at the temporal region.
Venesection
Bluish White scar
Lupus
A short parallel scars on the lower part of the back and loin.
Wet Cupping
- An Australian magistrate who described Search for truth as the ultimate goal of all
investigative works. - The creator of the field of Criminalistics.
- Father of Modern Criminalistics.
- Founder of Criminal Profiling.
- Father of Criminal Investigation.
DR. HANS GROSS
- He was a pioneer in forensic science who became known as the “Sherlock Homes of
France.” - Father of Forensic Science
- Father of Poroscopy
- Established the First Police Crime Laboratory in 1910.
- First to suggest 12 matching points as a positive fingerprint identification
- Locard’s Exchange Principle
- “It is impossible for a criminal to act, especially considering the intensity of
a crime, without leaving traces of this presence.”
DR. EDMOND LOCARD
- The father of criminalistic” in U.S
- Criminalistic has a vital role in studying the identity of a person. Therefore, it requires the application of the principles of various sciences in solving problems in connection with the administration of justice.
DR. PAUL KIRK
- Father of Personal Identification.
- The first to advise a scientific method of identification called “ Anthropometry”
- He is also known to be the Father of Mug Shot Photography
- Portrait Parle the personal or verbal description.
- Bertillon System or Anthropometry is the scientific method for identifying people, especially criminals, it was devised in 1879. The system records anthropometric measurements and personal characteristics, such as the color of eyes, scars and deformities.
SIR ALPHONSE BERTILLON
- It is the measurement of several bone structures of human body and considered as a first scientific method of personal identification.
- It is impossible to find two human beings having bones exactly alike.
ANTHROPOMETRY
(BERTILLON SYSTEM)
- He was able to recognize the existence and function of the pores in the ridges which
is serving as a mouth o f the sweat glands. - He was also instrumental in discovering the inner and outer layer of the skin, which is
better known as dermis and epidermis. - He is known as the “ Grandfather of Dactyloscopy”
- A layer of the skin was named after him; MALPHIGI LAYER whi ch is approximately 1.8
mm thick.
DR. MARCELLO MALPHIGI
- In 1788, he states that the arrangement of the ridges of the skin would never be
duplicated in two persons , only closer similarities among individual - His categorical statement that prints of two different individuals are never alike , was supported by the finding of Hermann Welcker , in 1856, that the fingerprint would
never change.
J.C.A MAYER
He is known as the “Father of dactyloscopy
* He was one of these scientists who advanced the field of fingerprinting.
* In 1823, he named nine standard types of fingerprint patterns and outlined a broad
method of classification.
* He was the first to recognize these patterns and classify them into a system of
classification is not used today.
SIR JEAN JOHANNES PURKENJIE
- He was known as the Father of Chiroscopy
- Published a book entitled “ The Origin of Fingerprinting” in 1858 in which he encourages the fingerprinting of the laborers to avoid impersonation.
- He used fingerprint system in all jails in India and was recognized as the first European to practice fingerprint identification.
SIR WILLIAM HERSCHEL
- In 1880, he published an article titled, “ The Skin Furrows of the Hands” which he points out that the chance prints or latent print which is left at the crime scene would
provide a positive identification of offenders. - He recommended the us of thin film of printers ink as a transfer medium which is known used today.
- He also initiated the development and enhancement of latent prints.
DR. HENRY FAULDS
- of the US Geological survey in New Mexico, used his own thumb print
on a document to prevent forgery. - This is the first known used of fingerprint in the United States.
GILBERT THOMPSON
- Began his observation of fingerprints as a means of id entification in the 1880’s.
- He devised a practical system of filing based on the ridge patterns.
- He was able to discover the three families of fingerprint patterns: arch, whorl, loop.
- Credited for being the first scientist of friction skin identification who established the first Civil Bureau of Personal Identification in London, England.
SIR FRANCIS GALTON
- An Argentinian Police Official, began the 1st fingerprint files based on Galton Pattern Types.
- He was able to develop his own system of system of classification in 1891 and was adopted by Argentina and other Spanish speaking countries.
JUAN VUCETICH
- Haque and Bose are two Indian fingerprint experts credited with the primary development of the He nry System of Classification.
- The Henry classification system is still used in all English Speaking countries. Primarily as the manual filing system for accessing paper achieve files that have not been
scanned and computerized.
AZIZUL HAQUE AND HEM BOSE
- he was able to develop his own system of fingerprint classification in 1880 and was adopted by the British Association for advancement of science in 1889.
- His system of identification finally replaces the Bertillonage system of identification.
- He was considered as the Father of Fingerprint due to his system of classification.
SIR EDAWARD RICHARD HENRY
- In 1901, a certain Mr. Jones, taught fingerprint in the Philippine Constabulary.
- He introduced fingerprint in the Philippines.
MR. JONES
- In 1901, a certain Mr. Jones, taught fingerprint in the Philippine Constabulary.
- He introduced fingerprint in the Philippines.
BUREAU OF PRISON
Established a modern and complete fingerprint files for Philippine Commonwealth during the reoccupation of the Philippines by the American Forces.
LT. ASA and N. DARBY
In the Philippines he top the examination.
AGUSTIN PATRICIO
First Filipino fingerprint technician employed by the P.C.
GENEROSO BERNALES
First Filipina fingerprint technician.
ISABELA BERNALES
The first Filipina Chop Chop lady who was identified through fingerprint.
LUCILA LALU
Known as the Philippine College of Criminology, first government recognized school to teach the Science of Fingerprint and other Police Sciences.
PLARIDEL EDUCATION INSTITUTION
- Also referred to as Forensic Science or Police Science.
FORENSIC
FORENSIC was derived from the Latin word forum which means a
which means a market place,
A profession or field of forensic science that deals with recognition, collection, preservation and examination of physical evidence for the administration of justice.
CRIMINALISTICS
Also known as DACTYLOGRAM.
FINGERPRINT
It is an impression, designed by the ridges on the inside of the end joints of the fingers and thumbs on any smooth surface through the media of ink, sweat or any reagents
capable of producing visibility.
FINGERPRINT
ORIGIN OF FINGERPRINTS
-are the one noted to be the first user of fingerprints.
The Chinese
is the name given by the Chinese in referring fingerprints. They used fingerprints as
“Hua Chi”
They used fingerprints as
symbolism in the early part of the history as a part of their rituals.
chinese
was the first Chinese ruler who devised a seal carved from white jade; on one side of it was the name of the owner and the other side the
impression of the thumb.
Emperor Te’in Shi,
The examination of fingerprints in order to establish identity.
DACTYLOSCOPY
means finger
Dactyl
means to study or to examine
Skopien
The scientific study and analysis of fingerprints as a means of identification.
DACTYLOGRAPHY
The study of fingerprints for the purpose of interpreting one’s personality .
DACTYLOMANCY
Study of the lines, tracings, ridges of the skin of fingers, palms and hands.
DERMATOGLYPHICS
means skin
Derma
Glyphein means
to study