prelims Flashcards
1
Q
It is the process of establishing the identity of an individual whether living or dead. It refers
to the branches of science like pathology, genetics, biology and anthropology, physics,
odontology unite together to derive objective source of identification
A
PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
2
Q
It is the
determination of the individuality of a person or thing.
A
IDENTIFICATION
3
Q
METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION
A
BY COMPARISON
BY EXCLUSION
4
Q
Identification criteria
recovered during investigatio n are compared with records in
the file, or postmortem finding are compared with ante mortem records.
A
BY COMPARISON
5
Q
If two or more persons have to be identified and all but one is not yet identified, then
the one whose identity has not been established may be known by the process of
elimination.
A
BY EXCLUSION
6
Q
FIRST KNOWN METHOD OF
IDENTIFICATION
A
TATTOO MARKS
SCARCIFICATION
7
Q
Adopted by tribes during ancient times signifying their clan and family. NOT a reliable means of identification.
A
TATTOO MARKS
8
Q
Means of identification by cutting or wounding some parts of the body that forms scars in time and forms pattern after healing which serves as identification.
A
SCARCIFICATION
9
Q
It refers to the manner of walking or moving on foot.
A
- Gait
10
Q
The straight line connecting the center of the succeeding steps (measured from heel to heel). It is more or less in zigzag fashion especially when the legs are far apart while walking.
A
Gait Line
11
Q
The longitudinal line drawn on each foot mark.
A
Foot Line
12
Q
Kinds of Gait
A
1.Ataxic Gait
2. Cerebellar Gait
3. Cow’s Gait
4. Paretic Gait
5. Spastic Gait
6. Waddling Gait
7. Frog Gait
8. Festinating Gait
13
Q
A gait which the foot is raised high, thrown forward and brought down
suddenly.
A
Ataxic Gait
14
Q
A gait associated with staggering movement.
A
Cerebellar Gait
15
Q
A swaying movement due to knock knee.
A
Cow`s Gait
16
Q
A gait in which the steps are short, t he feet dragged, the legs held more
or less widely apart.
A
Paretic Gait
17
Q
A gait in which the legs are held together and move in stiff manner and the toes to drag and catch.
A
Spastic Gait
18
Q
A gait resembling duck.
A
Waddling Gait
19
Q
A hopping gait in infantile paralysis.
A
Frog Gait
20
Q
Involuntary movement in short accelerating steps.
A
Festinating gait
21
Q
Methods of Tattoo Removal
A
- Excision
- Dermabrasion
- Laser
- Salabrasion
22
Q
It involves an injection of a local anaesthetic to numb the area after which the tattoo is removed surgically. The edges are then brought together and sutured.
A
Excision
23
Q
A small portion of the tattoo is sprayed with a solution that freezes
the area. The tattoo is then “sanded” with rotary abrasive instrument causing the skin to peel. Because some bleeding is likely to occur, a dressing is immediately applied to
the area.
A
Dermabrasion
24
Q
is considered to be one of the best methods of tattoo removal..
A
Laser Laser surgery
25
A centuries old procedure using local anaesthetic applied a round the
tattoo area after which a solution of ordinary tap water dipped in table salt is applied and an abrading apparatus such as the one used in dermabrasion or even a simpler
device is used such as a wooden block wrapped in gauze.
Salabrasion
26
They are composed of fibrous tissues which take the place of the original tissues which have been injured or destroyed. They are devoid of specialized tissue so they do not contain pigment layers, sweat or sebaceous glands.
Scars
27
Some Scars May Show Characteristics Appearance
1. Surgical Operation
2. Burns and Scalds
3. Gunshot Wounds
4. Tuberculous Sinus
5. Gumma
6. Venesection
7. Lupus
8. Wet Cupping
28
Regular form and location with stitch marks.
Surgical Operation
29
Scars are large, irregular in shape and may be keloid.
Burns and Scalds
30
Disc like with depressed center. They may be adherent to the underlying tissues.
Gunshot Wounds
31
Irregular in shape, furrowed, with edges hardened and uneven.
Tuberculous Sinus
32
Depressed scar following loss tissue.
Gumma
33
Located at bend of elbow, dorsum of feet, or at the temporal region.
Venesection
34
Bluish White scar
Lupus
35
A short parallel scars on the lower part of the back and loin.
Wet Cupping
36
* An Australian magistrate who described Search for truth as the ultimate goal of all
investigative works.
* The creator of the field of Criminalistics.
* Father of Modern Criminalistics.
* Founder of Criminal Profiling.
* Father of Criminal Investigation.
DR. HANS GROSS
37
* He was a pioneer in forensic science who became known as the “Sherlock Homes of
France.”
* Father of Forensic Science
* Father of Poroscopy
* Established the First Police Crime Laboratory in 1910.
* First to suggest 12 matching points as a positive fingerprint identification
* Locard’s Exchange Principle
- "It is impossible for a criminal to act, especially considering the intensity of
a crime, without leaving traces of this presence."
DR. EDMOND LOCARD
38
* The father of criminalistic” in U.S
* Criminalistic has a vital role in studying the identity of a person. Therefore, it requires the application of the principles of various sciences in solving problems in connection with the administration of justice.
DR. PAUL KIRK
39
* Father of Personal Identification.
* The first to advise a scientific method of identification called “ Anthropometry”
* He is also known to be the Father of Mug Shot Photography
* Portrait Parle the personal or verbal description.
* Bertillon System or Anthropometry is the scientific method for identifying people, especially criminals, it was devised in 1879. The system records anthropometric measurements and personal characteristics, such as the color of eyes, scars and deformities.
SIR ALPHONSE BERTILLON
40
* It is the measurement of several bone structures of human body and considered as a first scientific method of personal identification.
* It is impossible to find two human beings having bones exactly alike.
ANTHROPOMETRY
(BERTILLON SYSTEM)
41
* He was able to recognize the existence and function of the pores in the ridges which
is serving as a mouth o f the sweat glands.
* He was also instrumental in discovering the inner and outer layer of the skin, which is
better known as dermis and epidermis.
* He is known as the “ Grandfather of Dactyloscopy”
* A layer of the skin was named after him; MALPHIGI LAYER whi ch is approximately 1.8
mm thick.
DR. MARCELLO MALPHIGI
42
* In 1788, he states that the arrangement of the ridges of the skin would never be
duplicated in two persons , only closer similarities among individual
* His categorical statement that prints of two different individuals are never alike , was supported by the finding of Hermann Welcker , in 1856, that the fingerprint would
never change.
J.C.A MAYER
42
He is known as the “Father of dactyloscopy
* He was one of these scientists who advanced the field of fingerprinting.
* In 1823, he named nine standard types of fingerprint patterns and outlined a broad
method of classification.
* He was the first to recognize these patterns and classify them into a system of
classification is not used today.
SIR JEAN JOHANNES PURKENJIE
43
* He was known as the Father of Chiroscopy
* Published a book entitled “ The Origin of Fingerprinting” in 1858 in which he encourages the fingerprinting of the laborers to avoid impersonation.
* He used fingerprint system in all jails in India and was recognized as the first European to practice fingerprint identification.
SIR WILLIAM HERSCHEL
44
* In 1880, he published an article titled, “ The Skin Furrows of the Hands” which he points out that the chance prints or latent print which is left at the crime scene would
provide a positive identification of offenders.
* He recommended the us of thin film of printers ink as a transfer medium which is known used today.
* He also initiated the development and enhancement of latent prints.
DR. HENRY FAULDS
45
* of the US Geological survey in New Mexico, used his own thumb print
on a document to prevent forgery.
* This is the first known used of fingerprint in the United States.
GILBERT THOMPSON
46
* Began his observation of fingerprints as a means of id entification in the 1880’s.
* He devised a practical system of filing based on the ridge patterns.
* He was able to discover the three families of fingerprint patterns: arch, whorl, loop.
* Credited for being the first scientist of friction skin identification who established the first Civil Bureau of Personal Identification in London, England.
SIR FRANCIS GALTON
47
* An Argentinian Police Official, began the 1st fingerprint files based on Galton Pattern Types.
* He was able to develop his own system of system of classification in 1891 and was adopted by Argentina and other Spanish speaking countries.
JUAN VUCETICH
48
* Haque and Bose are two Indian fingerprint experts credited with the primary development of the He nry System of Classification.
* The Henry classification system is still used in all English Speaking countries. Primarily as the manual filing system for accessing paper achieve files that have not been
scanned and computerized.
AZIZUL HAQUE AND HEM BOSE
49
* he was able to develop his own system of fingerprint classification in 1880 and was adopted by the British Association for advancement of science in 1889.
* His system of identification finally replaces the Bertillonage system of identification.
* He was considered as the Father of Fingerprint due to his system of classification.
SIR EDAWARD RICHARD HENRY
50
* In 1901, a certain Mr. Jones, taught fingerprint in the Philippine Constabulary.
* He introduced fingerprint in the Philippines.
MR. JONES
51
* In 1901, a certain Mr. Jones, taught fingerprint in the Philippine Constabulary.
* He introduced fingerprint in the Philippines.
BUREAU OF PRISON
52
Established a modern and complete fingerprint files for Philippine Commonwealth during the reoccupation of the Philippines by the American Forces.
LT. ASA and N. DARBY
53
In the Philippines he top the examination.
AGUSTIN PATRICIO
54
First Filipino fingerprint technician employed by the P.C.
GENEROSO BERNALES
55
First Filipina fingerprint technician.
ISABELA BERNALES
56
The first Filipina Chop Chop lady who was identified through fingerprint.
LUCILA LALU
57
Known as the Philippine College of Criminology, first government recognized school to teach the Science of Fingerprint and other Police Sciences.
PLARIDEL EDUCATION INSTITUTION
58
* Also referred to as Forensic Science or Police Science.
FORENSIC
59
FORENSIC was derived from the Latin word forum which means a
which means a market place,
60
A profession or field of forensic science that deals with recognition, collection, preservation and examination of physical evidence for the administration of justice.
CRIMINALISTICS
61
Also known as DACTYLOGRAM.
FINGERPRINT
62
It is an impression, designed by the ridges on the inside of the end joints of the fingers and thumbs on any smooth surface through the media of ink, sweat or any reagents
capable of producing visibility.
FINGERPRINT
63
ORIGIN OF FINGERPRINTS
-are the one noted to be the first user of fingerprints.
The Chinese
64
is the name given by the Chinese in referring fingerprints. They used fingerprints as
“Hua Chi”
65
They used fingerprints as
symbolism in the early part of the history as a part of their rituals.
chinese
66
was the first Chinese ruler who devised a seal carved from white jade; on one side of it was the name of the owner and the other side the
impression of the thumb.
Emperor Te’in Shi,
67
The examination of fingerprints in order to establish identity.
DACTYLOSCOPY
68
means finger
Dactyl
69
means to study or to examine
Skopien
70
The scientific study and analysis of fingerprints as a means of identification.
DACTYLOGRAPHY
71
The study of fingerprints for the purpose of interpreting one’s personality .
DACTYLOMANCY
72
Study of the lines, tracings, ridges of the skin of fingers, palms and hands.
DERMATOGLYPHICS
73
means skin
Derma
74
Glyphein means
to study
75
means a hand
Cheir
76
Science of palm print identification
CHIROSCOPY
77
PATTERN ZONE OF PALM PRINT
1. Thenar zone
2. Hypothenar zone
3. Palmar zone
4. Carpal delta zone
5. Distal side
6. Proximal side
7. Ulnar side
8. Radial side
78
the base of the thumb.
Thenar zone
79
the base of the little finger.
Hypothenar zone
80
base of the four fingers.
Palmar zone
81
near the wrist.
Carpal delta zone
82
tip of fingers and thumbs
Distal side
83
towards the wrist
Proximal side
84
towards the little finger
* Ulnar side
85
towards the thumb
Radial side
86
Footprints and footwear identification
PODOSCOPY
87
means the foot
Podo
88
PATTERN ZONE OF FOOT PRINT
* Ball pattern zone
* Plantar pattern zone
* Tread area
* Calcar pattern zone
* Tibial side
* Fibular side
* Distal side
* Proximal side
89
The study of the pore structure for the purpose of identification.
POROSCOPY
90
means a pore
Poros
91
The study of the edges and shapes of the ridges which includes the study of:
o Endings
o Puckerings
o Bifurcation
EDGEOSCOPY
92
The study of ridges with the combination of:
RIDGEOLOGY
93
Is one of the few mammals, native in Australia that has fingerprint.
KOALA
94
Fingerprints which are almost the same with human beings. It is proven that fingerprints of monkeys are mistakenly identified as human fingerprints.
monkeys
95
* It is an epidermal hairless skin on the ventral or lower surface of the hands and feet.
* The strips of the skin on the inside of the end joints of our fingers and thumbs by which
fingerprints are made.
FRICTION, EPIDERMAL OR PAPPILARY SKIN
96
are found on every friction skin/epidermal skin/ papillary skin.
Friction Ridges
97
are friction ridges which are considerably minute in sizes such as delta, core, dot, short ridge, bifurcation, recurving ridges, etc.
Minutiae
98
COMPONENTS OF THE FRICTION SKIN
1. RIDGES
2. FUROWS
3. SWEAT PORES
4. SWEAT DUCT
5. SWEAT GLANDS
99
are hill like, elevated app ear as black lines with tiny white dots called pores in an inked impression.
RIDGES
100
canal like, depressed portions found between the ridges which appear
white lines.
FURROWS
101
sometimes referred as Island. Small opening found on skin and appear white on plain im pression
SWEAT PORES
102
is a long host like structure that serves as the passage way for the
sweat.
SWEAT DUCT
103
produces sweat/perspiration.
SWEAT GLANDS
104
the only sweat glands that can be found on the palms and
soles.
Eccrine Glands
105
found on the pubic, mammary and anal areas.
Appocrine Glands
106
sweat that produces tears
Lacrimal Glands
107
located at the forehead, chest, and abdomen.
Sebaceous Glands
108
PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINT SCIENCE
THREE DOGMATIC PRINCIPLES:
1. Individuality/Variation/Uniqueness (Sir Francis Galton)
2. Constancy or Permanency/Immutability (Herman Welcker)
3. Infallibility (Henry Faulds)
109
* Fingerprints are unchanging or constant from birth until the decomposition of the body of the person.
* The friction ridge once fully developed its arrangement will remain the same throughout man’s life.
* It is also known as the “from womb to tomb” principle.
PRINCIPE OF PERMANENCY
110
* There are no two fingerprint that are exactly alike based on Statistic Probability.
➢ Except if the two fingerprints were taken from the same finger and the same person.
* Sir Francis Galton in 1892, concluded the theory that the chance of two people to possess identical fingerprint is 1:64 Billion people.
* Two fingerprints maybe alike in its pattern or design but considering its minute characteristics, they differ.
* Fingerprints of two persons can be similar but NOT identical.
PRINCIPE OF INDIVIDUALITY
111
* Fingerprinting is one of the most reliable means of personal identification.
* Fingerprints cannot be forged, unlike signature and handwritings.
* DNA Fingerprinting is only applied to high profile and celebrated cases. It is also applied when fingerprinting is not applicable.
PRINCIPE OF INFALLIABILITY
112
It is the skeletal finger covered with friction skin. It is made up of three bones:
PHALANGE
113
ABNORMALITIES IN FINGERS
POLYDACTYL
MACRODACTYL
BRACHYDACTYLY
ECTODACTYL
SYNDACTYL
ANKYLOSIS
114
More than regular number of fingers
POLYDACTYL
115
Enlarged fingers
MACRODACTYL
116
Fingers are abnormally short
BRACHYDACTYLY
117
Missing finger at birth
ECTODACTYL
118
Side fusion of finger
SYNDACTYL
119
Finger cannot be bend
ANKYLOSIS
120
LAYERS OF THE SKIN
1. EPIDERMAL SKIN (EPIDERMIS)
2. DERMIS
3. SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER (HYPODERMIS)
121
the outer layer.
Sub-layer (CML-GSB)
EPIDERMAL SKIN (EPIDERMIS)
122
a. Stratum Corneum- also known as corneus layer. It is the outermost layer of the epidermis.
b. Stratum Mucosum- also known as transparent layer.
c. Stratum Lucidum- also known as granucar layer
d. Stratum Granulosum- consists of 3-4 layers
e. Stratum Spinosium- also called Malpighian layer
f. Stratum Basala- also called Generating layer.
(CML-GSB)
123
The inner layer of the skin containing blood vessels, arrector pili muscles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nerves. It is where the dermal papillae are found.
DERMIS
124
These are irregular pegs composed of delicate connective tissue protruding and forming the ridges of the skin on the fingers, palms, toes and soles of the feet.
DERMAL PAPILLAE
125
-the inner most layer of the skin that also contains the blood vessels, connective tissue, nerves and fat lobules.
SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER (HYPODERMIS
126
A known criminal who tried to effaced his fingerprint by burning them with acid. It was a failure because the print appeared again after how many days. Declared by the FBI as “Public Enemy #1” in the US.
JOHN DILLINGER
127
He is known as “man without fingerprint” tried to elude arrest by removing the friction ridge through incision. He surgically removed his fingerprint of the first joint and covered it with another skin from his chest but his works were futile.
ROBERT ROSCOE JAMES PITTS
128
is a rare medical condition of a person with no ridges on palms and feet.
Adermatoglyphia
129
Performed painful experiments on themselves by burning their fingertips with boiling water and oil with hot metals to find out whether it can destroy the ridges of a finger.
EDMOND LOCARD & WITKOWSKI
130
- Occurs when only the epidermis layer of the friction skin has been damaged.
- When the epidermis is damage
TEMPORARY DESTRUCTION
131
- Injected to the friction skin due to damage to the dermis layer. Such permanency in the damage may cause scar or termed as “Sicatriz”
- When the dermis is damage
PERMANENT DESTRUCTION
132
- A depth of more than 1 mm will constitute permanent scar, while less than 1 mm is temporary scar.
CUT
133
* Those prints that are hidden or concealed which are usually left accidentally on the crime scene. These are prints naked to the human eye but they actually exist.
LATENT PRINTS
134
is a Latin word which means “something indistinct or hidden”
“Latent”
135
windy, sunny and wet seasons affects the stability of latent prints.
CLIMATE CONDITION
136
sweat is acidic. High degree of acidity, the latent print stays longer time. Low degree, latent print stays the lesser time.
SUBJECT FACTOR
137
whether the surface is smooth and rough.
NATURE OF THE SURFACE
138
are likely to be three dimensional plastic prints.
Soft Surface
139
are either patent or latent prints.
Hard Surface
140
impressions made by fingers smeared with colored substance, such as blood, ink, grease, dirt or paint.
VISIBLE PRINTS
141
Molded or plastic impressions. They are prints made in materials such as soap, melted candles, wax, tar, pitch, paraffin, putty, the adhesive gun on envelopes and postage stamps.
SEMI-VISIBLE PRINTS
142
The most common type of chance impression.
INVISIBLE PRINTS
143
Transferred material is known as
trace evidence
144
can digitize fingerprint information to
produce inkless fingerprints
Automated Fingerprint Identification
System (AFIS)
145
are scanned and converted into an electronic image that is stored in a data base for rapid retrieval
Latent fingerprints
146
is a tool used by the Fingerprint Technician
AFIS
147
provides the fingerprints that match with the latent
Candidate List
148
EVIDENCE PRESERVATION OF CHANCE FINGERPRINTS
*Preservation by photography
*Preservation of plastic fingerpints
*Preservation with fingerpint lifters (e g rubber lifters)
*Preservation with fingerpint lifting tape
149
kind of fingerperint powder that most common in the Philippines,
used by law enforcement agencies
Black and White powder
150
powderized aluminum of gray color
Aluminum powder
151
This is a yellowish in color powder of
plant spore
Lycopodium powder
152
mixture of oxidizing iron and aluminium powder that is common in Japan
SP (Small Particle) Black Powder
153
is the most commonly used in lifting latent
fingerprints, measured usually at 1
2 inches
Fingerprint Tape
154
PHYSICAL METHODS OF DEVELOPING PRINTS
1. DUSTING METHOD
2. ROLLING METHOD
3. Spray Method
4. Transplant Method
5. Restoration Method
6. Kromekote Lift Method
155
CHEMICAL METHODS OF
DEVELOPING PRINTS
1. NINHYDRIN METHOD
2. Ninhydrin Acetone Method
3. SILVER NITRATE METHOD
4. Tetramethyl Benzedrine Method
5.Neo SPWA Method
6. Victoria Pure Blue Method
7. Emulgen Black Method
156
GAS METHODS OF DEVELOPING
PRINTS
1. Super Glue Cyanoacrylate Method
157
considered as the simplest and
traditional methods used in developing prints at the scene of the crime
DUSTING METHOD
158
basically used in developing prints
in paper done by simply rolling the paper with powder spreading in its surface
ROLLING METHOD
159
The powder is put into an empty container specially designed for spraying Suspected areas where fingerprints are suspected to be present are sprayed to let latent print appear
Spray Method
160
The latent print is powdered and lifted
ready to be pasted to a paper with opposite color from that of the color of powder used
Transplant Method
161
On a suspected area where latent
print maybe impressed, ninhydrin solutions maybe used to develop latent prints
Restoration Method
162
Provides the forensic science technician with an inexpensive and practical technique for recovering latent fingerprints from human skin
Kromekote Lift Method
163
is considered as one of the best
method used in developing prints in paper
NINHYDRIN METHOD
164
This method is used to preserve the writings on documents because of its importance in the case
- This is applicable to suicide notes, threat letters, or any document where it is believed to contain trace evidence such as
fingerprints
Ninhydrin Acetone Method
165
done by spraying a 5 percent solution of silver nitrate to the surface of the paper
SILVER NITRATE METHOD
166
The chemical formula
for this is C 16 H 2 oN 2
* With this method, the invisible amount of blood stained
fingerprints can be detected
* Fingerprint on kitchen knife, and other blades used as
weapon, effectively detected
*Preparation
Solution A 100 ml Ethanol consist of 0 5 ml of TBM powder solution
Solution B Ethanol added to the same amount of distilled water, and 30 peroxide mixed up in 9 1 ratio
Tetramethyl Benzedrine Method
167
This is method is applied on wet
surfaces, adherent surface of adhesive tape, the magnetic card and crappy plastic bag
Neo SPWA Method
168
This is used to detect latent prints
on leaves, scotch tape, and
masking tape
Victoria Pure Blue Method
169
Used to develop latent prints on Glass, plastics, tin cans, metals, smooth surfaces of cars, door knobs, etc Can be used on wet surfaces
Emulgen Black Method
170
*This is also called Fumigation Method
*The cyano bond’s brand name in the Philippines is mighty
bond
Super Glue / Cyanoacrylate Method
171
STEPS IN LATENT FINGERPRINT EXAMINATION
1. RECOGNITION
2. IDENTIFICATION
3. INDIVIDUALIZATION
4. RECONSTRUCTION
172
STEPS IN FINGERPRINT EXAMINATION
1. ANALYSIS
2. COMPARISON
3. EVALUATION
4. VERIFICATION
173
This includes processing of latent prints in the crime scene, preliminary screening, photography and lifting of the prints
RECOGNITION
174
Includes laboratory processing enhancement, comparison of known and unknown prints
IDENTIFICATION
175
Includes the method of matching the prints for identification purposes followed by evaluation
INDIVIDUALIZATION
176
This will be done if there was non matching of prints. The condition and position should be identified and the
Automated Fingerprint Identification System(AFIS) may be used
RECONSTRUCTION
177
General patterns and name of Specific patterns are identified
ANALYSIS
178
Ridge details of the fingerprints are being compared
COMPARISON
179
The making of a conclusion whether the latent print and fingerprint of suspect are the same
EVALUATION
180
The opinion of an examiner should be verified by 1-2 examiner/s
VERIFICATION
181
Metallic or glass plate where the ink is spread for purpose
INK SLAB
182
Rubber made roller designed to spread the ink
INK ROLLER
183
Ink used for taking fingerprint
FINGERPRINT INK
184
8 x 8 card for recording
fingerprint
FINGERPRINT CARD
185
Usually a fixed card holder placed in a flat table designed to prevent the movement of the card in the course of the taking of fingerprint
CARD HOLDER
186
Used to hold card for post mortem fingerprint
FINGERPRINT STRIP HOLDER
187
