MIDTERMS Flashcards
1
Q
Metallic or glass plate where the ink is spread for purpose
A
INK SLAB
2
Q
Rubber made roller designed to spread the ink
A
INK ROLLER
3
Q
Ink used for taking fingerprint
A
FINGERPRINT INK
4
Q
8 x 8 card for recording
fingerprint
A
FINGERPRINT CARD
5
Q
Usually a fixed card holder placed in a flat table designed to prevent the movement of the card in the course of the taking of fingerprint
A
CARD HOLDER
6
Q
Used to hold card for post mortem fingerprint
A
FINGERPRINT STRIP HOLDER
7
Q
Importance of Fingerprints
A
- It is used for identifying suspects for investigation
purposes - Used to provide identity for unidentified dead person and
missing person - Detecting criminal identity through fingerprints collected at
the scene of a crime and detecting recidivism or habitual
delinquency - Used a verification or confirmation of public documents
- Used as records in the police departments and other law enforcement agencies for the purpose of issuing clearance
8
Q
USES OF FINGERPRINT
A
- Identification of criminals whose fingerprints are found at the
crime scene. - Identification of fugitives through a comparison of fingerprints.
- Exchanging criminal identifying information with identification
bureaus of foreign countries in cases of mutual interest. - Means of personal identification
- Identification of Unknown deceased.
- Prevention of hospital mistakes in the identification of infants.
- Licensing procedures for automobiles, firearms, aircraft and
other equipment.
9
Q
is a single ridge that divides itself in two
or more branches
- It is sometimes called
as fork making its impression
A
BIFURCATION
10
Q
Is a ridge formation characterized by a close angular end and serves as a
point of convergence or it is the meeting of two ridges that were previously
running side by side
A
Converging ridge
11
Q
Is the spreading of two ridges that are flowing side by side two ridges that and
suddenly separating or spreading
apart
A
Diverging ridges
12
Q
A ridge that divides into two branches and
meets to for the original ridge
A
Enclosure or Lake Ridge/ Eyelet
13
Q
Refers to an endpoint of a ridge,
or a ridge with abrupt ending
A
Ending ridge
14
Q
- These are considered as the boundaries of fingerprint patterns
- These are the two innermost ridges that are running parallel or nearly parallel with each other which diverge at a certain point
tending to surround the pattern
area
A
Type lines
15
Q
- Is that part of the fingerprint that lies
within the area surrounded by the type
lines. It is where the core, delta, and other
ridge characteristics used for classification
can be found. - The pattern area is only part of the
fingerprint impression with which are
concerned in regard to interpretation and
classification. It is present in all patterns,
of course but in many arches and tented
arches it is impossible to define.
A
Pattern area
16
Q
Is a kind of ridge formation that curves
back in the direction from which it started
It looks like a hairpin
A
Recurving or Looping Ridge
17
Q
Is a short ridge found at the top or
at the summit of a recurvingridge
A
Appendage
18
Q
Is a recurving ridge complete in its
shoulder and is free from any appendage
A
Sufficient Recurve
19
Q
Is a short or long ridge found inside the innermost recurving ridge of a loop
pattern
A
Rod or bar
20
Q
Is a short ridge found inside the innermost
recurving ridge that spoiled the inner line of flow towards the center of the pattern.
A
Obstruction
21
Q
A ridge formation in a form of a
dot or period.
A
RIDGE DOT
22
Q
Is a short ridge found inside the recurve which blocks the inner line of flow towards the
core.
A
OBSTRUCTION RIDGE
23
Q
It is a friction ridge that divides into three friction ridges.
A
TRIFURCATING RIDGES
24
Q
Are two bifurcations located at both ends of a single ridge.
A
OPPOSED BIFURCATION
25
A bifurcation with one short ridge branching off a longer ridge.
SPUR OR HOOK RIDGE
26
A kind of ridge that appears curly, irregular in appearance and growth ceases at several ends.
PUCKERING RIDGE
27
Is the result of two ridges meeting each other and forms an angle
ANGLE
28
Is a ridge which resembles as a circle, or a dot.
-An island and enclosure is often
referred to be the same.
-However an island is always
smaller than an enclosure.
ISLAND
29
Is a ridge which is shorter in its size as compared to other ridges.
SHORT RIDGE
30
A single recurving ridge on the center of the pattern area. It can be located along
the looping ridges
STAPLE
31
A ridge that connects at least two ridges. It must have crossed and connected two
ridges
CROSSOVER OR BRIDGE RIDGE
32
A ridge of extremely short in length not more than 3 millimetres.
FRAGMENT
33
NOT counted because they are only the result of dirts , dirty fingerprint paraphernalia and other factors, found between two well formed ridges
INCIPIENT RIDGES OR NASCENT RIDGES
34
NOT counted. Appears like patches and has no well defined pattern.
DISSOCIATED RIDGES
35
* A group of short ridges
found inside a pattern area.
* These ridges could appear
also as broken short ridges
between well formed ridges.
SERIES OF SHORT RIDGES
36
The ending of a ridge that rose sufficiently from the horizontal baseline.
UPTHRUST
37
A single recurving ridge enclosing one or more bars, short or dot ridge.
ENVELOP
38
The two points where the looping ridge start and ends its curve.
SHOULDERS OF A LOOP
39
Bifurcations that appear in tandem or group.
SERIES OF BIFURCATIONS
40
A ridge crossing is the point where two ridges crosses each other forming
an "X" formation.
RIDGE CROSSING
41
The group of dots as printed inside a pattern area.
SERIES OF DOT RIDGES OR ROW OF DOTS
42
It is a friction ridge that divides into three friction ridges.
TRIFURCATING RIDGES
43
The space or between two ridges that appears to be continuous.
RIDGE BRAKE
44
is where two ridges ends meet and overlap on a bias
OVERLAP
45
is a bifurcation where one of the ridge path bifurcates.
DOUBLE BIFURCATION
46
It appear in tandem or group.
SERIES OF BIFURCATION
47
THE FINGERPRINT PATTERNS
THREE GENERAL/FAMILY OF FINGERPRINT PATTERNS.
1. The Arch (5%)
2. The Whorl (35%)
3. The Loop (60%)
48
THE FINGERPRINT PATTERNS
LOOP PATTERNS
LOOP PATTERNS FREQUENCY
ARCH PATTERNS FREQUENCY
WHORL PATTERNS FREQUENCY
49
LOOP PATTERNS FREQUENCY:
1. Radial Loop 6%.
2. Ulnar Loop 94%.
50
ARCH PATTERNS FREQUENCY:
1. Plain Arch 60%.
2. Tented Arch 40%.
51
WHORL PATTERNS FREQUENCY:
1. Plain Whorl 71%.
2. Central Pocket Loop Whorl 13%.
3. Double Loop Whorl 13%.
4. Accidental Whorl 3%.
52
The (8) Eight Standard Types of Fingerprint
Patterns
Galton and Henry System
Groups/Families = 3
1. Arch (3) - Plain, Tented, and Exceptional Arch.
2. Loop (4) - Plain, Lateral, Twin and Central Pocket Loop
3. Whorl (2) - Plain Whorl and Accidental Whorl
53
The (8) Eight Standard Types of Fingerprint
Patterns
Galton - Henry System with FBI Modification and Extension
1. Arch (2) - Plain and Tented Arch
2. Loop (2) - Radial and Ulnar loop
3. Whorl (4) -Plain, Central Pocket Loop, Double Loop, and Accidental Whorl
54
a pattern in which the
ridges enter on one side of the pattern
then flow toward the other side, with a
rise at the center
-The simplest of all pattens.
Plain arch (A)
55
a fingerprint pattern where majority of the ridges form an arch and one or more ridges at the center shape a tent in outline giving an angle of 90 degrees or less or one with an upward thrust having an angle of 45 degrees or more, or a pattern similar to a loop but lacking one or two of its essential elements
- Considered “Transitional Pattern".
Tented arch (T)
56
- There must be a delta
- A sufficient re-curving ridge passing or touching an imaginary
line
*The terms “radial" and “ulnar" are derived from the radius bones an ulna bone of the forearm Loops which flow in the direction of the ulna bone (towards the little finger) are called ulnar loops and those which flow in the direction of the radius bone are called radial loops
* To differentiate an ulnar loop in the plain or rolled impression it is important to know from what hand it was taken
LOOPS
57
Basic Elements of Loop
1. A Core
2. A Delta
3. A Sufficient Recurve
4. At least One Ridge Count
58
Downward slant are from the thumb towards the little finger or ulna bone.
Ulnar Loop
59
Downward slant are from the little finger toward the thumb or radius bone.
Radial Loop
60
The classification of loops is based on the way the loops flow on the hand (not the card), so that on the fingerprint card for the left hand loops flowing towards the thumb impression are ulnar and loops flowing towards the little finger impression are radial
TRUE
61
is a type of loop pattern if the loop
opens in the direction of the thumb
Radial Loop
62
is a type of loop pattern if the loop
opens in the direction of the little/ pinky finger
Ulnar Loop
63
Basic Elements of Whorl
1. Two or More Deltas
2. At least one complete circuiting ridge
64
- is a pattern consisting of two deltas and which at least one ridge makes a turn through one complete circuit And if an imaginary line was drawn between two deltas, it must touch or cross any circuiting ridge
- It consists of the simplest form of whorl
construction and is most common of the
whorl subdivisions
PLAIN WHORL (W)
65
is a pattern which possesses two deltas with one or more ridges forming a complete circuit which maybe oval, spiral or circular or it is a pattern consisting of two deltas, with one or more recurving ridges with an obstruction at right angle to the inner line of flow, and when an imaginary line was drawn between two deltas, it should not touch or
cross any circuiting ridge
Central pocket loop
66
this pattern consists of two separate and distinct loop formations with sets of shoulders and two deltas
Double loop
67
DOUBLE LOOP WHORL
Elements:
a Two separate loop formations
b Two separate and distinct sets of shoulder
c Two deltas
68
this is a pattern consisting of a combination of two different types of pattern such as a loop and a whorl
a loop and a central pocket loop, or any
combination of two different loop and whorl type pattern, but it cannot be a combination of a plain arch with any pattern It can have two or more deltas
Accidental whorl
69
derived its name from the radius bone of the forearm;
- it is one type of fingerprint patterns in which the ridges run its direction to the radius bone or to the thumb.
Radial Loop - “R”
70
is one type of fingerprint pattern in which the ridges flow toward the ulnar bone or little finger. Ulnar loop therefore derived its
name from the ulna bone of the forearm, or little finger.
- Its symbol is letter “U” in classification purposes.
Ulnar Loop
71
A pattern to be a loop must have the following four (4) essential requisites:
a. It must have a core
b. It must have a delta
c. An imaginary line must pass between the core and the delta
d. It must have a ridge count of a minimum of at least one (1)
True
72
Symbolized by letter “W” in the classification. It is a fingerprint pattern which there are two (2) deltas and in which at least one (1) ridge makes a turn through one complete circuit, an imaginary
line drawn between the two (2) deltas must touch or cross at least one (1) of the circuiting whorl ridges within the pattern
Plain Whorl
73
Symbolized by letter “C “ in the
classification. It is a fingerprint pattern which for the most part of a loop, but which has a small whorl inside the loop ridges, sometimes
called a composite pattern, which means that it is made up of two (2)
patterns in one , a whorl inside a
- It has two (2) deltas, one of which appears as the edge of the
pattern area, as in plain loop. And one shows inside the pattern area
just below the counterpart ridges.
Central Pocket Loop Whorl
74
Symbolized by letter “D” in the classification.
- is a pattern consisting of two (2) separate and distinct loop formations. One of the loops surrounds or overlaps the
other,
- also called COMPOSITE PATTERN, like the central pocket loop
whorl.
- It arises from the fact that these patterns are a composite or
combination of two 92) patterns in one, with two cores and two deltas.
Double Loop Whorl
75
Symbolized by letter “X” in the classification.
- It is a pattern which is a combination of two or more different types of pattern except in the PLAIN ARCH. It is a pattern which is a combination of two or more different types of pattern except in the PLAIN ARCH.
- It can be a combination of a loop and a whorl, a loop and a central pocket loop whorl, or any combination of two or more
different loops and whorl type patterns.
Accidental Whorl
76
Symbolized by letter “A” in the classification. It is a fingerprint pattern in which the ridges enter on one side of the pattern
and flow towards the other side with a rise at the center with not more than one of the four (4) essential requisites for loop pattern and with no recurving ridge, no angular formation and no upward thrust.
- it enters to the left and flows towards the right.
Plain Arch
77
Symbolized by letter “T” in the classification. It is a variety of arch family, but their ridge formations are not simple as those of the plain arch, also considered TRANSITIONAL PATTERN
between a plain arch and a loop.
Tented Arches
78
TENTED ARCHES
are formed in any of these three (3) way formations, to wit:
a. One or several ridges in the center of the form an up thrust.
b. The ridge or ridges in the center formed a well defined angle.
c. The pattern may have two or three or four essential requisites of
a loop pattern.
79
Take Note
An up thrust must have an ending ridge.
true
80
(also called the outer terminus)
- is a point along a ridge
formation found at the center or near the center of the diverging type
lines.
Delta
81
(also known as the heart or the inner terminus)
- usually
found at the center or innermost recurve of the type lines.
The Core
82
The Two Fingerprint Terminus
(Focal Points)
1. delta
2. core
83
Rules on Selecting
Typelines
(1) Two innermost ridges that start or go parallel
(2) Diverge and surround or tend to surround the
pattern area:
a. Core
b. Delta
(3) Ridges which are used in the classification of a
loop.
84
Rules on Selecting
Typelines
1. Typelines are not always two continuous ridges , but are often broken . When there is a definite break in a typeline , the ridge immediately
outside of it is considered as its continuation.
2. When locating typelines , it is necessary to keep in mind the difference
between a divergence and a bifurcation.
3. The arms of a bifurcation on which the delta is located CANNOT BE used for typelines .
4.
Angles CANNOT BE considered for typelines .
85
SIX (6) DELTA FORMATIONS
1. Bifurcation
2. Dot
3. Meeting of two ridges
4. Looping ridge --(where no other choice of delta)
5. Ending ridge
6. Starting ridge
86
Rules on Selecting Delta
1. Delta must be located midway
between the diverging type lines at or just in front or where they diverge.
2. In order for a bifurcation to be selected it should open towards the core.
* The delta may not be located at a
bifurcation that does not open toward
the core
87
RULES ON SELECTING DELTA
1. The delta may not be located in the middle of a ridge running
between type lines towards the core, but at the end nearest to the
core.
2. A dot may be used as a delta . A dot has no direction
3. When there is a choice between a bifurcation and another type of
delta, the bifurcation is selected.
4. If there is no visible ridge that may be chosen as delta, the looping ridge or whorl ridge infront of the area of divergence maybe
chosen as the delta
5. The bifurcation that is open towards the core is chosen as the
delta.
6. If the bifurcation does not open towards the core , the ending
point of the bifurcation nearest to the core is chosen as the delta.
7. When there is a choice between two or more possible deltas
(except bifurcation), the delta nearest to the core is chosen .
8. When there is a series of bifurcations that open towards the core at the point of divergence, the bifurcation nearest to the core is
chosen as the delta.
88
The core is the heart of the fingerprint pattern it is usually found inside the innermost sufficient recurve in a loop or
at the center of the circuiting ridge
TRUE
89
1. The core is located on the spike or rod in the center of the innermost recurve , provided the spike or rod rises high as the shoulders.
2. If the innermost sufficient recurve does not contain any rod or bar , the core is placed on the shoulder of the loop farther from the delta.
3. If the innermost sufficient recurve contains odd number of rods/bars rising as high as the shoulders , the core is placed upon
the summit of the center rod , whether it touches the looping ridges or not.
4. If the innermost sufficient recurve contains even number of Rods/bars rising as high as the shoulders , the core is placed upon
the summit of the farther one of the two center rods
5. If the pattern is a whorl, it is a possibility that there could be two or
more deltas. Most whorls, houses the core/s in its center
RULES ON SELECTING CORE
TRUEE
90
Types of fingerprint impression
1.Rolled Impression
2.Plain Impression
91
a fingerprint impression taken individually by rolling each
finger from one side to the other side and from the tip to the end of the first
joint.
Rolled Impression
92
an impression made by simultaneously pressing the finger to the card, used as a reference to classification.
Plain Impression
93
It refers to a metallic or glass plate with as 1⁄4 thick and 6
or more inches long where the fingerprint ink is distributed/spread for
fingerprinting.
Ink Slab
94
is a rubber made roller designed to spread the
fingerprint ink to the slab.
Ink Roller
95
is a special form of ink designed for taking
fingerprint impression sometimes submitted with a printer’s ink.
Fingerprint Ink
96
is an 8” x 8” card designed for recording fingerprint
impression
Fingerprint card
97
usually a fixed card holder placed in a flat table
designed to prevent the movement of the card in the course of the taking of the fingerprint.
Card holder
98
Used to preserve developed latent prints.
Latent Print Lifter
99
Used to hold card for post mortem
fingerprint.
Fingerprint Strip Holder
100
(Horse Shoe Type)
-An expert magnifying lens.
Magnifying Lens
101
Basic Rules in taking Fingerprints:
1. Subject should be instructed to stand straight but relax facing the slab.
2. The subject hand should be completely dry
3. Thumb fingers are rolled towards the body while other fingers are rolled away from the body.
4. In case of Split/Webbed thumb, it should be rolled together and be classified based on: = (1) get the bigger one; if of the same size, Get the inner one.
5. In case of Polydactyl or Extra Finger which is totally separate: Print the extra finger on the other side of the card and make a note.
102
Impressing shall be made after temporarily suppressing sweating by wiping fingers with a lightly squeezed piece of gauze to which formalin alcohol liquid (100 ml. of
ethyl alcohol liquid containing 1 3 ml. of formalin pharmacopoeia) is applied.
Excessively sweating fingers
103
Fingers with stiff surface skin, coarse fingers and fingers suffering from dermatophytosis Wrap fingers in a steamed towel for several minutes then impress. In this case, somewhat denser ink and
somewhat weaker impressing will be better.
TRUE
104
also known as ringworm,
- is a fungal infection of the
skin. Typically it results in a red, itchy, scaly, circular rash. Hair loss may occur in the area affected. Symptoms begin four to fourteen days after exposure. Multiple areas can be affected at a given time
Dermatophytosis
105
Impressing shall be made after shaking a
subject’s hand grasped by the wrist up and down several times to smoothen the joint movement. In this case, if the impressing plate and the glass plate are placed somewhat higher while having the subject stand somewhat away from the table, handling would be easier.
Fingers with stiff joints
106
Wipe out fingers with a piece of gauze containing
alcohol if they are stained. In case where satisfactory roll impressions are not obtainable by the ordinary impressing technique, the impression paper shall be cut to a proper size, and impressing shall be made onto it using such aids as a fingerprint taking pallet from a dead body.
Fingers soon after death
107
Impressing shall be made using an aid such as
a spatula for taking fingerprints from a dead body.
Stiff fingers of a clenched fist
108
considered as the simplest and traditional methods
used in developing latent prints at the scene of the crime. By using black powder, the powder will adhere on the moisture left on the surface. Fingerprint powder can be categorized into four:
Dusting Method
109
Fingerprint powder can be categorized into four:
a. Regular Powders
b. Luminescent Powder
c. Metallic Powder
d. Thermoplastic
110
basically used in developing prints in paper done
by simply rolling the paper with powder spreading in its surface.
Rolling Method
111
done by using chemical fumes such as
Iodine and Ammonium Fumes.
Chemical Fuming Method
112
is one of the oldest and the standard techniques
used to develop latent fingermarks on porous surfaces such as paper and cardboard
Iodine fuming
113
It is used for the development of latent prints on surfaces made of plastic, adhesive tapes, aluminum foils, and rubber bands.
Cyanoacrylate Fuming Method
114
Same procedure as that of a dusting method but uses an iodine powder and absorbs the fingerprint which
gives yellowish brown prints as a result of development.
Iodine Dusting Method
115
done by spraying a 5 percent solution of
silver nitrate to the surface of the paper. It reacts with the chlorides, to give the insoluble silver salt, silver chloride. Not suitable for fabrics or rough surfaces such as wood.
Silver Nitrate method
116
is considered as one of the best methods used
in developing prints in paper.
Ninhydrin Method
117
A practical technique used in developing latent print on human skin. It is done by spraying an iodine fume
into the area of the skin. Once the latent print is developed,
-it will be transferred to a silver plate then exposed to strong light for
evaluation.
9
Iodine Silver Plate Transfer Method
118
is a modern method of tracing and developing latent
prints. The laser beam is used to fluoresce certain properties of perspiration , body oils, and foreign substances in latent print residues.
Detection occurs when residues absorb the laser light and re emit it in wavelengths longer than the illuminating source.
Laser Method
119
Methods of Developing Latent Prints: (9)
1. Dusting Method
2. Rolling Method3.
3. Chemical Fuming Method
4. Cyanoacrylate Fuming Method
5. Iodine Dusting Method
6. Silver Nitrate method
7. Ninhydrin Method
8. Iodine Silver Plate Transfer Method
9. Laser Method
120
Presently, there are eight standard patterns which are widely used in the field of fingerprint Before, on the Galton and Henry System they used the Nine standard fingerprint patterns Only that after the Galton Henry System with FBI Modification and Extension we have our
eight standard fingerprint patterns
TRUE
121
impressions of the finger bulbs with the use of
the printing ink on the surface of a paper
Real Impression
122
are fingerprint impression taken individually by
rolling each finger from one side to the other side and from the tip to the end of the first joint
Rolled Impression
123
are impression made by simultaneously
pressing the finger to the card, use as a reference to classification
Plain Impression
124
fingerprints which are imprinted chance or without any intention to produce the print.
Chance Impression
125
on wet paint, soap, cellophane tapes or any plastic materials
Plastic Impression
126
visible without chemical treatment such as those
prints from fingers with blood or paint
Visible Prints
127
visible grossly but made visible by the addition of some substances found at the scene of the crime
Latent Prints
128
Is a kind of storage, search and retrieval system for finger and palm print electronic images and demographic data.
- software utilize the impressions from the rolled and plain impressions of all fingers to compare the unsolved crime latent database.
Automated Fingerprint Identification System
(AFIS)
129
(also called the outer terminus)
is a point along a ridge formation found at the center or near the center of the diverging type lines
DELTA
130
(also known as the heart or the inner
terminus)
- usually found at the center or innermost
recurve
CORE
131
SIX DELTA FORMATIONS:
1. Bifurcation
2. Dot
3. Meeting of two ridges
4. Looping ridge (where no other choice of delta)
5. Ending ridge
6. Starting ridge
132
RULES IN SELECTING DELTA
* When two or more possible deltas which conforms to the definition, the delta NEAREST TO
THE CORE is chosen
* When there is a choice between bifurcation and another type of delta, THE BIFURCATION IS SELECTED as delta
* When there is a choice between two possible deltas, neither of which is a bifurcation, and when
both are in the vicinity of the divergence of the type lines, the delta NEAREST THE CENTER OF DIVERGENCE is selected
* When a single ridge enter a pattern area with two or more bifurcation which is CLOSER TO THE
CORE BECOMES DELTA
* When a ridge runs half way between the type lines and pattern area, the delta is placed on the END OF THE RIDGE NEAREST TO THE CORE
* When a ridge runs entirely within a pattern area, the delta is placed on the END NEAREST THE
POINT OF DIVERGENCE OF THE TYPE LINES.
* When a ridge enters the pattern area from a point below the divergence of the type lines THE DELTA IS PLACED ON THE END NEAREST the core
* If there is no visible ridge that may be chosen as delta, the looping ridge or whorl ridge in front of
the area of divergence maybe chosen as the delta
133
RULES IN SELECTING CORE
* When the innermost loop contains no ending ridge or rod rising as high as the shoulder of the loop, the core is placed on the shoulder of the loop farther from the delta
* If there is one rod within the recurving ridge is as high as the shoulder the core is
placed on the tip of the rod
* If there are two rods within the recurving ridge which rise to the shoulders at the different heights, the core is placed on the higher tip
* If the two rods within the innermost recurving ridge have the same heights, the core is placed on the tip of the rod farther from the delta
* If there are three or uneven number of rods within the recurving ridge, the core is placed on the center rod even if it does not rise as high as the shoulders of the recurving ridge and whether it touches the looping ridge or not
*If there are four or even number of rods within the recurving ridge the two innermost rods are considered as one, as if an imaginary curve joined the tips of the rods and the core is placed on the two imaginary shoulders farther from the delta
* Any appendages abutting upon the outside of the recurve at a right angle automatically destroys the ridge for the used as a core or ridge count
* When two loops, side by side are present within one recurving ridge, the two loops are considered as one and the core is placed on the inner shoulder of the loop farthest from the delta
* When two loops are interlocking the loops are considered as one, if an imaginary line is drawn between the shoulders of both loops crossers the point of interlocking, the core is placed at this point
* The core cannot be placed on a recurving ridge having an appendage If the innermost loop has an appendage on the outside of the recurve, at a right angle between the shoulders the next outside is considered for the placing the core
134
is the process of counting the ridges that touch or cross an imaginary line drawn between the delta and core of a loop. Is that point on a ridge in front of and nearest the center of the divergence of the type lines.
Ridge counting
135
RIDGE COUNTING AND RIDGE TRACING Rules
1.In a loop fingerprint pattern, locate the delta and core.
2. Draw an imaginary line between the core and delta.
3. Count all ridges which touch or cross the imaginary line drawn between the core and delta.
4. Incipient ridges, puckering, dissociated and creases are NOT counted.
5. Fragments and dot ridges are counted as ridges only if they appear as thick as the
surrounding ridges.
* DO NOT include in your counting the delta and core
136
is the process of counting the ridges intervening between the tracing ridge at the right delta. This process was used to determine the three subdivisions of whorls into inner, outer, and meeting which is represented by capital I, M, O.;
- Also means tracking or trailing the ridge commencing from left delta going across the right delta or nearest in distance to the right delta with the number of ridges intervening between the ridge being traced and the right delta are accounted for.
Ridge tracing
137
RIDGE TRACING RULES
* In a whorl pattern, look for the left delta and trace towards the front of the right delta
* When the ridge being traced abruptly ends, drop to the next ridge just below the original tracing ridge and continue the tracing until it reaches the point nearest to the right delta
* When the left delta is a dot, the same procedure in No 1 shall be followed
* When the ridge that is being traced is a bifurcation, always follow the lower branch until tracing is completed
* Determine whether the tracing ridge flows inside ( or outside ( the right delta
* Draw and imaginary line between the tracing ridge (refers to the left delta that was moved towards the right delta) and the right delta and count the intervening ridge
that touch or cross it
* Exclude the tracing ridge and deltas when counting the intervening ridges
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TYPES OF WHORL TRACING
1. INNER WHORL
2. OUTER WHORL
3. MEETING WHORL
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result is 3 or more ridge count above or inside the right delta.
INNER WHORL (I)
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result is 3 or more ridge count below or outside the right delta.
OUTER WHORL (0)
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the ridge count is 0, 1, 2 either below or above the right delta.
MEETING WHORL (M)
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Basic Rules for Ridge Tracing in Whorls
* Tracing always begins at the left delta and goes towards the right delta.
* An uninterrupted ridge can be traced from the left delta to the right delta.
* When the tracing ridge suddenly ends, the tracing is continued on the ridge immediately below it.
* A ridge must definitely end before the tracing may be continued on the ridges below.
* When a ridge bifurcates, the tracing is continued on the lower branch of the bifurcation
* When the delta is a dot, the tracing begins on the type line, which is the ridge immediately below the “
this is the only time the type line is used as a tracing line
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Rules for Beginning and Ending Ridge Tracing
1. Ridge tracing begins at the extreme left delta and stops at the point directly in front of the right delta
2. In an accidental whorl having three deltas, the tracing begins at the extreme left delta and goes towards the extreme right delta Any other delta encountered is ignored
3. In a double loop whorl, the tracing begins at the extreme left delta When the tracing passes inside of the right delta, one stops at the nearest point to the right delta on an up thrust
4. If no up thrust is present, one continues the tracing until a point of opposite the delta, or the delta itself, is reached
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Tracing of Patterns
1. In the plain whorl, the tracing begins at the delta and goes to the right delta.
2. In a double loop, the tracing begins at the left delta and follows on the up thrust loop. When tracing on an up thrust ridge, one tops at the point on the up thrust
which is nearest to the right delta. If no up thrust loop is present, one continues tracing until a point opposite the right delta, or the right delta itself, is reached.
3. Accidental whorl often posses three deltas. In tracing, only the extreme deltas are considered. Therefore, tracing begins at the extreme left delta and continues
towards the extreme right delta; the intervening delta is ignored. An intervening delta is considered only when it appears in whorls on either or both little fingers. The intervening delta is not considered for the purpose of tracing, but rather for the purpose of ridge counting when a final classification is being made.
4. When two loops are in juxtaposition, the deltas are generally vertical to each other one direct above the other. The tracing starts from the bottom delta and continues upward, thus indicating a “ tracing.
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THREE (3) BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF A LOOP
1. Sufficient Recurve
2. Delta
3.Ridge Count
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consists of the space between the shoulders of a loop free of any appendages which about upon it at a right angle on the outside of the recurve
SUFFICIENT RECURVE
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are the points at which the recurving ridge definitely turns inward or curves
SHOULDERS OF A LOOP
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- attachment or connection
- the outside of the recurve at the right angle will spoil that recurve
APPENDAGE
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includes the core, delta, and ridges which are used in the classification of a loop
PATTERN AREA
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the two innermost ridges that are parallel and surround or tend to surround the pattern area
TYPELINES
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that point on a ridge at or nearest the point of divergence of two typelines, and located at or directly in front of the point of divergence
DELTA
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the approximate center of the pattern placed upon or within the innermost sufficient recurve
- located on the shoulders of the innermost loop farthest from the delta
- located on the spike or rod in the center of the innermost recurve, provided the spike or rod rises as high as the shoulders
CORE
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consists of one or more ridges which make a complete circuit, with two deltas, between which, when an imaginary line is drawn, at least one recurving ridge within the inner pattern area is cut or touched
PLAIN WHORL
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minimum requirements: 2 deltas and recurving ridge in front of each
-it can be spiral, oval, circular, or any variant of circle.
- an imaginary line drawn from delta to delta MUST cut or touch at least 1 recurving ridge within the inner pattern area
WHORLS
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consists of at least one recurving ridge, or an obstruction at right angle to the line of flow, with two deltas, between which, when an imaginary line is drawn, no recurving ridge within the inner pattern area is cut or touched
CENTRAL POCKET LOOP WHORL
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is determined by drawing an imaginary line between the inner delta and the center of the innermost recurving ridge
LINE OF FLOW / LINE OF FLOW OF A CENTRAL POCKET LOOP WHORL
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consists of two separate loop formation with two separate and distinct sets of shoulders and two deltas
DOUBLE LOOP
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- two separate loop formation
- two separate and distinct dets of shoulders
DOUBLE LOOP WHORL
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are not considered double loop whorls. they are classified as plain whorls
INTERLOCKING LOOPS
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consists of a combination of two different types of patterns with the exception of the plain arch, with two or more deltas or a pattern which possesses some of the requirements for two or more different types or a pattern which conforms to none of the definitions
ACCIDENTAL WHORL
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a loop over a plain arch is classified as a loop, generally called a
LAZY LOOP
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