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MAMMOGRAPHY > PRELIMS > Flashcards

PRELIMS Flashcards

1
Q

the mosy treatable cancer

A

breast cancer

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2
Q

this malignancy is most treatable when it is detected early

A

breast cancer

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3
Q

the most important innovation in breast cancer control since the radical mastectomy was introduced by ______ in 1898

A

Halstead

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4
Q

its primary goal is to detect breast cancer if it is palpable

A

mammography

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5
Q

in _____, a group of male radiologists in Rochester, NY assembled around a view box admiring the chest xray of a buxom woman

A

1924

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6
Q

father of mammography

A

Robert Egan, MD

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7
Q

He is a German physician

In 1913, he reported the radiographic appearance of breast cancers

Using radiographic studies of cancerous breasts removed at surgery, he described the mechanism of how breast cancer spread

A

Dr. Soloman

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8
Q

In 1927, he made the first published radiograph of a living person’s breast in a german medical textbook on malignant tumors

A

Otto Kleinschmidt

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9
Q

Year when publications on mammography appeared in South America, US and Europe but still the use of mammography for the diagnosis of breast cancer received little clinical interest

A

1930s

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10
Q

Year when mammography was considered a reliable clinical tool because of such refinements as low kilovoltage xray tubes with MOLYBDENUM targets and high detail industrial grade xray film

A

Mid 1950s

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11
Q

In 1960s, ________ was introduced and was popularized by WOLFE AND RUZICKA

A

Xerography

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12
Q

______ substantially lowered the radiation dose received by the px compared with the dose received using industrial grade xray film

A

Xerography

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13
Q

many physicians found the xerographic images easier to understand and evaluate, ____________ became widely used for evaluating breast diseases

A

xeromammography

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14
Q

______ company first introduced the combination of higher resolution, faster speed xray film and an intensifying screen

A

duPont company

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15
Q

year when breast cancer detection demonstration project was implemented

A

1973

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16
Q

in this project, 280k women underwent annual screening for breast cancer for 5 years at 29 locations throughout the US

organized by the AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY and NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE

this project demonstrated unequivocally that screening, physical exam, mammography and BSE could provide an early diagnosis

A

breast cancer detection demonstration project

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17
Q

In 1975, _____ and duPont improved screen film combinations

by this time, extremelu high quality mammography images could be produced with very low patient radiation exposures

A

Kodak and duPont

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18
Q

In 1992, Mammography _______ ______ Act (MQSA) was implemented to mandate the maintenance of high quality breast cancer screening programs

A

Mammography Quality Standards Act

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19
Q

3 Risk Factors

A

Age
Hormonal History
Family History

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20
Q

the incidence of breasst cancer increases with ____

A

age

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21
Q

________ influence the glandular tissye of the breast during the development, pregnancy and lactation

however, hormone levels decline at the onset of ________

A

hormonal influence ; menopause

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22
Q

as a result, the glandular breast tissue is ____ sensitive to carcinogens during menarche

A

more sensitive

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23
Q

___ risk women inckude those with early menses, late menopause, first birth after age 30 years and nullipanity

A

high risk

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24
Q

a woman whose daughter, sister or mother previously developed breast cancer, especially at an early age, is at higher risk of developing the disease

studies have shown that only 13.6% of known breast cancers are found in women with a family history of the disease

A

family history

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25
Q

______ are lobulated glandular structure located within the superficial fascia of the anterolateral surface of the thorax of both males and females

A

breast

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26
Q

_______ glands divide the superficial fascia into anterior and posterior components

A

mammary glands

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27
Q

the breasts are rudimentary and without function

are only rarely subject to abnormalities such as neoplasms that require radiologic evaluation

A

male breasts

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28
Q

secondary sex characteristics and function as accessorry glands to the reproductive system

A

female breast

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29
Q

each breast is usually _____ shaped with the base or posterior surfacr of the breast overlying the PECTORALIS MAJOR and SERRATUS ANTERIOR MUSCLES

A

cone

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30
Q

these muscles extend from the second or ______ rib inferiorlu to the sixth or _____ rib and from near the lateral margin of the sternum laterally toward the anterior axillay plane

A

third rib ; seventh rib

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31
Q

an additional portion of breast tissue, the _________ prolongation or ______ tail, extends from the upper lateral base of the breasts into axillay fossa

A

axillary prolonation ; axillation tail

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32
Q

the breast are support by ______ ligaments, suspensory ligaments that extend from the posterior layers of the superficial fascia through the anterior fascia inyo the subcutaneois tissue and skin

A

cooper’s ligaments

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33
Q

the adult female breast consists of 15 to __ lobes which are distributed so that more lobes are superior and lateral than inferior and medial

A

15 to 20 lobes

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34
Q

each lobe is divided into many ______ which are the basic structual units of breast

it contains the glandular elements or _____

A

lobules ; acini

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35
Q

______ _______ adolescent breast contains primarily dense connective tissue and casts a relatively homogenous radiographic image with little tissue differentation

A

post puberal adolescent breast

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36
Q

during _______, significant hypertrophy of glands and ducts occurs within the breast

this change causes the breasts to become extremely dense and opaque

A

during pregnancy

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37
Q

NCRP

A

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

38
Q

most important ability

understand and master these factors to produce consistent, high contrast, diagnostic images

A

performance

39
Q

in performance, the examination room should accomodate the unit with its shield and provide enough space for the technologist to move around and to assist the client for proper positioning

A

space

40
Q

additional _____ may be needed to accomodate WOMEN IN WHEELCHAIRS and for storing some supplies and equipmeny accessories in the examination room

A

space

41
Q

in performance, some units are on wheels and others must be anchored to the floor or the wall

if the unit is used at various locations, be sure to TEST DRIVE it in a realistic setting

A

portability

42
Q

in performance, thisnprivides proper dedicated electric power for the mammography unit

some units plug into wall outlets, while others require THREE PHASE OR 220 WIRING to installed

A

electrical requirements

43
Q

in performance, the unit should be user friendly to both the client and operator

A

ergonomics

44
Q

in basic components, ______ range of vertical movement should accomodate both tall women (approx 6 ft) and those who need to sit

A

c-arm

45
Q

in c-arm, the minimum range of travel is 66 to ___ cm above the floor

A

66 to 140 cm

46
Q

the point at which the c arm connects to the tower/collar should be _________ designed so that when moving from the craniocaudal position to the oblique position, the height does not need to be adjusted

A

isocentrically

47
Q

_____ or handles should be available to the client to maintain a difficult or awkward position

A

grips or handles

48
Q

in basic components, these controls on both sides of the c arm provide easy access for the technologist to adjust the height of c arm and raise and lower the compression device while the client is being positioned

A

electronic controls

49
Q

in basic components, adequate space when positioning an obese woman for an oblique view

when magnifying an area in a large breast

when raising the compression device over the needle during preoperative localizations

A

compression device to receptor distance

50
Q

in basic components, this are should remain as small as possible to facilitate positioning of the clients head for craniocaudal view and during magnification fields

A

tube housing or face shield

51
Q

remote ____ controls for vertical movement of the c arm and the compression device free the hands of the technologist while positioning

A

foot controls

52
Q

the amount of compression exerted by the _____ ______ control should be minimal

A

foot pedal

53
Q

the FINAL COMPRESSION of the breast should be done using a ____ controlled device

A

hand controlled device

54
Q

in basic components, it permit fast and easy exchange of different size film buckys or cassettes

A

image receptor support device

55
Q

in basic components, it should be easy to read and to adjust

all units must have AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE CONTROL

A

control panel

56
Q

at least NINE DENSITY ADJUSTMENT steps should be available

there should be a 10% to 15% difference in optical debsity between steps

A

density selection

57
Q

target units that has a range of at leadt 24 to 32 kVp in no greater than 1 kvp increments

A

molybdenum target units

58
Q

target units that has a range of at least 28 to 38 kVp in no greater than 1 kVp increments

A

rhodium target units

59
Q

in kVp, lower settings may be used in ______ radiography and higher settings for special views

A

specimen radiography

60
Q

it may be fixed or variable

A

milliamperage selection

61
Q

in time selection, the grid is not caught in motion when using a grid on a thin adipose replaced breast

A

short exposures

62
Q

in time selection, the time setting must surpass the reciprocity law failure of the recording system

A

long exposures

63
Q

standard imaging SID: 55 cm
magnification imaging SID: __ cm

A

60 cm

64
Q

fixed apertures

interchangeable cones of various sizes

internal set of collimating blades

A

collimators

65
Q

a side loading cassette holder or bucky is required if the equipment has preoperative _______ ________ capabilities

A

needle localization capabilities

66
Q

the brightnesss of the light source should be 160 lux or higher

A

field light

67
Q

misalignment of the xray/light field can be a maximum of _% of the SID

A

2%

68
Q

the focal spot compression device and image receptor MUST ALIGN perfectly at the chest wall edge to ensure that all posterior breast tissue is included

A

alignment

69
Q

the benefit of this mode is to produce an image using an acceptable length of exposure time to reduce motion blurring and patient dose without compromising imaging quality

A

automatic technique selection

70
Q

the operayor can make an exposure only when completely outside of xray field

A

exposure control

71
Q

this is to limit operator exposure to well below 0.1 mSv/week based on 40 patients a day 5 days/week

A

radiation shield

72
Q

if _____ can be changed, the unit must clearly display which _____ is in place

A

filter

73
Q

it terminates the exposure eith a sound or visual indicator

the suggested limits are 250 mAs minimum to 600 mAs maximum

A

back up timer

74
Q

must maintain consistent optical density darkening of the film regardless of the kVp setting used, thickness of the compressed breast and ratio of glandular to adipose components

A

automatic exposure control

75
Q

in safelight, safelight filters that correspond with GREEN LIGHT SENSITIVE FILMS should be installed in lamps located at least _ feet above work area

A

4 feet above work area

76
Q

in safelights, no more than __ watt bulb in an overhead ceiling fixture and no more than . watts in closer fixture

A

15 watt in overhead ceiling
7.5 watt in closer fixture

77
Q

these filters should be change periodically, every _ to _ years as they deteriorate with time and use

A

1 to 2 years

78
Q

in air quality, there are 3 major factors that influencr obtaining a quality radiographic image

A

temperature
humidity
ventilation

79
Q

in air quality, this should be set at approximately 70°F

A

temperature

80
Q

when filn is exposed to excessive heat, its emulsion softens and is more susceptible to _______

A

scratching

81
Q

a cooler temperature may cause the emulsion to _____ and peel

A

crack and peel

82
Q

in air quality, this should be set between 30% and 50%

A

humidity

83
Q

if air becomes too dry, _____ marks may appear on film

A

static marks

84
Q

if humidity is above 50%, small _____ from air may cling to the film and cause the emulstion to clump

A

humidity

85
Q

poor airflow to the processor can hinder image quality, causing ____ and mottling of emulsion

A

streaking and mottling

86
Q

_____ is darkroom’s nemesis

A

dust

87
Q

they can obscure an area of minute calcifications or can mimic cancer which can lead to misdiagnosis

A

dust

88
Q

artifacts that occure during processing procedure, within the processir, by one or more of the processor’s components

roller narks
guide shoe mark
chatter
run back

A

processing artifacts

89
Q

artifacts caused by low humidity in the darkroom can cause STATIC ON FILMS

high humidity can SPLOTCH the image

A

environmental artifacts

90
Q

improper handling of screen and films will cause artifacts that are visible on mammographic image

A

film and screen handling artifacts

91
Q

something not meant to be imaged will inadvertently show up on film

px nose, chin, ear, fingers, necklace or examination gown

A

positioning artifacts

MAMMOGRAPHY (3 decks)

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