MIDTERMS

Question 1

convened a group of experts to review the current methods of breast cancer detection and to identify new and effective technologies

Answer 1

national cancer institute

Question 2

encouraged and made recommendations for funding researxh of digital mammography and related technologies

Answer 2

national digital mammography group

Question 3

investigated the efficacy of digital versus analog imaging

Answer 3

american college of radiology imaging network/digital mammographic imaging screening trial

Question 4

radiological society of north america

first prototype digital mammography machine

Answer 4

1995

Question 5

GE 200D

Answer 5

January 28, 2000

Question 6

Fischer SenoScan

Answer 6

September 25, 2001

Question 7

Hologic Selenia

Answer 7

October 2, 2002

Question 8

Siemens Novation DR

Answer 8

August 20, 2004

Question 9

Fuji CR

Answer 9

July 10, 2006

Question 10

analog imaging found __ cancers and missed 9

Answer 10

33 cancers and missed 9

Question 11

digital imaging found __ cancers and missed 17

Answer 11

25 cancers and missed 17

Question 12

September 2005

________ showed that digital imaging surpassed analog imaging when imaging a glandular breast, and the results were equal when dealing with an adipose breast

Answer 12

ACRIN/DMIST

Question 13

sales of digital mammography machines increased significantly

Answer 13

mid 2006

Question 14

an interactive image that can be explored in greater detail, seen in various lighting, stored in its original form, and modified to serve many purposes

Answer 14

digital image

Question 15

breast cancers appear _____than normal glandular tissue because cancers attenuate most of the xray photon

Answer 15

whiter

Question 16

optical densities displayed on film are limited to ____ shades of gray

Answer 16

100 shades of gray

Question 17

radiologist can manipulate a digital image through _______ shades of white-gray-black

Answer 17

16000 shades of gray

Question 18

the universal standard used to transfer images and data among PACS devices

Answer 18

digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM)

Question 19

mammography subcommittee is the group charged with improving the connectivity issues

Answer 19

integrating the healthcare enterprise (IHE)

Question 20

suggests that health insurance should offer increased coverage for payment for care from doctors who work for or contract with the HMO

Answer 20

american college of radiology (ACR)

Question 21

it is based on patient cate and consumer protection

attempts to improve and stabilize the entire process of patient care, to avoid, or at least minimize, issues that may occur

Answer 21

quality assurance

Question 22

highlight inconsistencies immediately and will help diagnose any problems so they can be resolved

emphasizes the testing necessary to uncover defects and establishes tolerance levels for adequate performance of equipment

Answer 22

quality control

Question 23

included the examination of equipment, films and processing, image quality and facility personnel

Answer 23

mammography accreditation program (MAP)

Question 24

this was a major breakthrough in standardizing the quality of mammography

Answer 24

mammography quality standards act (MQSA)

Question 25

involves film archiving and sharing patient records, reports and films with colleagues as requested by the patient

Answer 25

record keeping

Question 26

according to MQSA, patient films and reports must be retained for at least __ years

Answer 26

5 years

Question 27

suggests standardized terminology for mammographic findings and assigned category numbers for the assessment

Answer 27

breast imaging and reporting data system (bi-rads)

Question 28

category that need additional imaging evaluation and or prior mammograms

Answer 28

category 0

Question 29

category that there is nothing to comment on the breasts are symmetric, and no masses, architectural distortion or suspicous calcifications are present

Answer 29

category 1 negative

Question 30

like category 1, this is a normal assessment but the interpreter chooses to describe a benign finding in the mammography report

Answer 30

category 2 benign findings

Question 31

category that should have less than 2% risk of malignancy

Answer 31

category 3 benign finding - initial short interval follow up suggested

Question 32

category that is reserved for findings that do not have the classic appearance of malignancy but have a wide range probability of malignancy that is greater than those in category 3

Answer 32

category 4 suspicious abnormality - biopsy should be considered

Question 33

most recommendations of breast interventional procedures will be placed within this category

Answer 33

category 4 suspicious abnormality - biopsy should be considered

Question 34

category have these lesions that have a high probability (95%) of being cancer this category contains lesions for which one stage surgical treatment could be considered without preliminary biopsy

Answer 34

category 5 highly suggestive of malignancy - appropriate action should be taken

Question 35

category that is reserved for lesions identified on the imaging study with biopsy proof of malignancy prior to definitive therapy

Answer 35

category 6 known biopsy - proven malignancy - appropriate action should be taken

Question 36

for any QA program to work, it must be reviewed ______ to check its effectiveness against updated technology

Answer 36

periodically

Question 37

the most time consuming component of a QA program is the testing performed on the equipment also known as QC

Answer 37

equipment testing

Question 38

the physicists and the ____ perform all the QC tests, and the results must be reviewrd quarterly by the radiologist

Answer 38

technologist

Question 39

also knoen as processor QC ensures that the delicate chemical balance used for processing films remains consistent

Answer 39

sensitometry

Question 40

sensitometry testing of the processor must be performed ____ and before clinical films are processed to obtain an accurate assessment of the consistency of processing quality

Answer 40

daily

Question 41

the counters and processor film tray should be cleaned ____ to help reduce dust

Answer 41

daily

Question 42

all places where dust accumulates should be thoroughly cleaned once a ____

Answer 42

week

Question 43

one of the most important aspects of a QA program is ______ ______

Answer 43

phantom imaging

Question 44

is a square acrylic block with a wax insert containing simulated masses, fibrils and calcium specks of varying sizes

Answer 44

mammography phantom

Question 45

the phantlm approximages a breast of _._cm thickness

Answer 45

4.5 cm

Question 46

to ensyre that the unit is mechanically stable and properly working

Answer 46

visual checklist

Question 47

any equipmeny that is malfunctioning should be reported immediately to the _____ _____ to prevent possible harm to patients

Answer 47

service engineer

Question 48

it is a way to evaluate the reason films in a department are repeated or thrown out it points out insufficiencies or waste in the imaging chain that might otherwise go unnoticed

Answer 48

repeat/reject analysis

Question 49

the _______ check is performed as an image QA test and as a safety test technologists checks the pressure applied to the breast

Answer 49

compression check

Question 50

according to MQSA, a compression force of at least __ pounds (111 newtons) is necessary for a unit to obtain good quality images

Answer 50

25 pounds

Question 51

for patient safety, the maximum amount of force allowed by MQSA is __ pounds (209 newtons)

Answer 51

47 pounds

Question 52

is done to assure that fogging on the film is not occurring from cracks in safe lights or from other sources that might filter in white light

Answer 52

darkroom integrity and fog test

Question 53

______ of mammographic film caused by incidental exposure to white light will reduce the contrast on the film

Answer 53

fogging