MIDTERMS Flashcards
convened a group of experts to review the current methods of breast cancer detection and to identify new and effective technologies
national cancer institute
encouraged and made recommendations for funding researxh of digital mammography and related technologies
national digital mammography group
investigated the efficacy of digital versus analog imaging
american college of radiology imaging network/digital mammographic imaging screening trial
radiological society of north america
first prototype digital mammography machine
1995
GE 200D
January 28, 2000
Fischer SenoScan
September 25, 2001
Hologic Selenia
October 2, 2002
Siemens Novation DR
August 20, 2004
Fuji CR
July 10, 2006
analog imaging found __ cancers and missed 9
33 cancers and missed 9
digital imaging found __ cancers and missed 17
25 cancers and missed 17
September 2005
________ showed that digital imaging surpassed analog imaging when imaging a glandular breast, and the results were equal when dealing with an adipose breast
ACRIN/DMIST
sales of digital mammography machines increased significantly
mid 2006
an interactive image that can be explored in greater detail, seen in various lighting, stored in its original form, and modified to serve many purposes
digital image
breast cancers appear _____than normal glandular tissue because cancers attenuate most of the xray photon
whiter
optical densities displayed on film are limited to ____ shades of gray
100 shades of gray
radiologist can manipulate a digital image through _______ shades of white-gray-black
16000 shades of gray
the universal standard used to transfer images and data among PACS devices
digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM)
mammography subcommittee is the group charged with improving the connectivity issues
integrating the healthcare enterprise (IHE)
suggests that health insurance should offer increased coverage for payment for care from doctors who work for or contract with the HMO
american college of radiology (ACR)
it is based on patient cate and consumer protection
attempts to improve and stabilize the entire process of patient care, to avoid, or at least minimize, issues that may occur
quality assurance
highlight inconsistencies immediately and will help diagnose any problems so they can be resolved
emphasizes the testing necessary to uncover defects and establishes tolerance levels for adequate performance of equipment
quality control
included the examination of equipment, films and processing, image quality and facility personnel
mammography accreditation program (MAP)
this was a major breakthrough in standardizing the quality of mammography
mammography quality standards act (MQSA)
involves film archiving and sharing patient records, reports and films with colleagues as requested by the patient
record keeping
according to MQSA, patient films and reports must be retained for at least __ years
5 years
suggests standardized terminology for mammographic findings and assigned category numbers for the assessment
breast imaging and reporting data system (bi-rads)
category that need additional imaging evaluation and or prior mammograms
category 0
category that there is nothing to comment on
the breasts are symmetric, and no masses, architectural distortion or suspicous calcifications are present
category 1 negative
like category 1, this is a normal assessment but the interpreter chooses to describe a benign finding in the mammography report
category 2 benign findings
category that should have less than 2% risk of malignancy
category 3 benign finding - initial short interval follow up suggested
category that is reserved for findings that do not have the classic appearance of malignancy but have a wide range probability of malignancy that is greater than those in category 3
category 4 suspicious abnormality - biopsy should be considered
most recommendations of breast interventional procedures will be placed within this category
category 4 suspicious abnormality - biopsy should be considered
category have these lesions that have a high probability (95%) of being cancer
this category contains lesions for which one stage surgical treatment could be considered without preliminary biopsy
category 5 highly suggestive of malignancy - appropriate action should be taken
category that is reserved for lesions identified on the imaging study with biopsy proof of malignancy prior to definitive therapy
category 6 known biopsy - proven malignancy - appropriate action should be taken
for any QA program to work, it must be reviewed ______ to check its effectiveness against updated technology
periodically
the most time consuming component of a QA program is the testing performed on the equipment also known as QC
equipment testing
the physicists and the ____ perform all the QC tests, and the results must be reviewrd quarterly by the radiologist
technologist
also knoen as processor QC
ensures that the delicate chemical balance used for processing films remains consistent
sensitometry
sensitometry testing of the processor must be performed ____ and before clinical films are processed to obtain an accurate assessment of the consistency of processing quality
daily
the counters and processor film tray should be cleaned ____ to help reduce dust
daily
all places where dust accumulates should be thoroughly cleaned once a ____
week
one of the most important aspects of a QA program is ______ ______
phantom imaging
is a square acrylic block with a wax insert containing simulated masses, fibrils and calcium specks of varying sizes
mammography phantom
the phantlm approximages a breast of _._cm thickness
4.5 cm
to ensyre that the unit is mechanically stable and properly working
visual checklist
any equipmeny that is malfunctioning should be reported immediately to the _____ _____ to prevent possible harm to patients
service engineer
it is a way to evaluate the reason films in a department are repeated or thrown out
it points out insufficiencies or waste in the imaging chain that might otherwise go unnoticed
repeat/reject analysis
the _______ check is performed as an image QA test and as a safety test
technologists checks the pressure applied to the breast
compression check
according to MQSA, a compression force of at least __ pounds (111 newtons) is necessary for a unit to obtain good quality images
25 pounds
for patient safety, the maximum amount of force allowed by MQSA is __ pounds (209 newtons)
47 pounds
is done to assure that fogging on the film is not occurring from cracks in safe lights or from other sources that might filter in white light
darkroom integrity and fog test
______ of mammographic film caused by incidental exposure to white light will reduce the contrast on the film
fogging
