prelims Flashcards
1
Q
any beginning stroke of any letter
A
STARTING / INITIAL STROKE
2
Q
STARTING / INITIAL STROKE – any beginning stroke of any letter. This is sometimes called
A
BEARD
3
Q
any ending stroke of a letter
A
ENDING / TERMINAL STROKE
4
Q
The main portion of the letter, minus the initial strokes, terminal strokes and diacritic in any letter.
A
BODY
5
Q
refer to the “t” crossing and dots of the letter “i” & “j”. These are elements added to complete certain letters. It could also be a mark above or below a printed letter that indicates a change in the way it is to be pronounced or stressed.Acute and grave accents, tilde (~), and cedillas (ç an ş) are examples of diacritics.
A
DIACRITICS
6
Q
CACOGRAPHY – came from Greek word
A
“kakkographia”
7
Q
CACOGRAPHY – came from Greek word “kakkographia” which means
A
“ugly writing.”
8
Q
CALLIGRAPHY – came from Greek term
A
kalligraphia
9
Q
CALLIGRAPHY – came from Greek term kalligraphia which means
A
“beautiful writing.
10
Q
writing.”Kalligraphia came from kallos meaning
A
beauty
11
Q
Kalligraphia came from graphein meaning
A
write
12
Q
the lower part of the letter which rest on the base line. The small letter “m” has three feet, and the small letter “n” has two feet.
A
FOOT / FEET
13
Q
the two side out portion of the top curve of selected letters such as but not limited to letters m, n, and h.
A
SHOULDERS
14
Q
the top outside portion of letters m, n, & h the rounded outside or top of the bend stroke or curve in small letter.
A
HUMP
15
Q
refers to the inside curve portion of selected characters
A
ARCADE
16
Q
any repeated elements or details, which may serve to individualize writing. It is how a certain letter is written repeatedly.
A
HABIT
17
Q
the term applied to the irregular thickening of ink which is found when writing slows down or stop while the pen takes a stock of the position
A
HESITATION
18
Q
It is a minute curve or an ankle which often occurs at the beginning or ending of strokes. The terminal curves of the letters “a”, “d”, “n”, “m”, “p”, “u”, is the hook. In small letter “w” the initial curve is the hook.
A
HOOK
19
Q
An oblong curve such as found on the small letter “f”, “g”, “l” and letters stroke “f”. A loop may be blind or open. A blind loop is usually the result of the ink having filled the open space.
A
LOOP
20
Q
a small loop or curve formed inside the letters. This may occur inside the oval of the letters “a, d, o”; the small loop form by stroke that extend in divergent direction as in small letters.
A
EYELET / EYELOOP
21
Q
the space which is enclosed or delimited that may be found in lettersO, P, Q, D, C, F and other letters
A
COUNTER
22
Q
a loop made as a flourish which is added to the letters, as in small letters “k, b & p or in capital letters “A”, “K.”
A
BUCKLE / BUCKLE KNOT
23
Q
a capitalized letter or letter which is printed in block form (uppercase letter).
A
MAJUSCULE
24
Q
a small letter (or lowercase letter).
A
MINUSCULE
25
the act of the writer of going back to repair or fix a defective line/stroke of a written character
PATCHING
26
Any part of the stroke which is superimposed or highlighted.
RETRACING or RETOUCHING
27
a gap occurring between a continuous stroke without lifting the pen. Such as occurrence usually occurs due to speed; may be regarded also as a special form of pen lift distinguish in a ball gaps in that of perceptible gaps and appear in the writing.
HIATUS or PEN JUMP
28
an act of interruption (cut) of the writer in a stroke caused by removing or lifting the writing instrument (pen) from the paper
PEN LIFT
29
a writing weakness portrayed by irregular shaky strokes that is found in
handwriting of a person.
TREMOR
30
the harmonious appearance of characters, concerning its general style and appearance. Such style or design of letters if found to be consistently used, there is rhythm in writing.
RHYTHM
31
refers to the general design of letters and figures that can be found to handwritings people who learned the same type of writing systems.
CLASS / GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
32
refers to the personal design of letters and figures by a person that cannot be found to others’ handwriting
INDIVIDUAL / PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS
33
THE NATURAL VARIATION OF HANDWRITING
every person has a range of handwriting variation determined by his or her physical writing ability, training in “penmanship”, and other factors. To the experienced expert, a study of known samples of writing reveals individual writing characteristics,
which can allow the expert to identify or exclude an individual as the author of some questioned writing.
HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION
34
is a free-form activity, and there are an infinite number of ways to write even the simplest letter combination. It is highly unlikely that any person will write his or her own name exactly the same way twice in an entire lifetime
Handwriting
35
are rhythmic movement of part of the body caused by involuntary rhythmic muscle contractions. Deviations from uniform strokes, ordinarily called tremors, which are perfectly apparent without magnification, are due to lack of skill on the part of the writer, to self-consciousness of the writing process, or to the hesitation which is the result of copying or imitating.
Tremors
36
Kinds of Tremor
Tremor of Fraud
Tremor of age, or of extreme weakness.
Tremor of illiteracy
37
are inequality in movement at any place in any stroke or line, with strokes too strong and vigorous combined with weak, hesitating strokes, also frequent interruptions in movement, unequal distribution of ink on upward as well as downward strokes, and especially the varying pen pressure, due to change in speed and interruptions in movement, which may occur in the middle of direct curves, or even in what should be straight lines.
Tremor of Fraud
38
usually show unusual and erratic departures of the line from its intended course, abrupt recovery, and a general indication of muscular weakness and of movements beyond the control of the writer, particularly in the downward strokes. Genuine weak or decrepit writing frequently shows awkward digressions or distortions, which may be able to imperfect sight, and general irregularity caused by involuntary tremors, and it is often characterized by abbreviations, or even omissions of parts of letters or even of whole letters.
Tremor of age, or of extreme weakness
39
the changes of direction are not apt to be as
numerous as in tremor of age or of weakness, and in this writing omission of parts of letters or strokes are not common. Illiterate tremor is characterized by a general irregularity that is not due to weakness but to lack of skill and a mental uncertainty as to the form and to a general muscular clumsiness resulting from unfamiliarity with the whole writing process
Tremor of illiteracy
40
is one in which the person has made a deliberate attempt to remove or modify all or some of his normal writing habits. In the majority of cases all that is achieved is a change in the pictorial appearance of the writing while the distinguishing characteristics are rarely affected. It is the obvious which is altered while the subconscious mannerisms are left as guide for the document examiner.
DISGUISED HANDWRITING
41
It is the impression from the writing instrument captured only sheets of paper below the one that contains the original writing. This most often manifests itself when pads of paper are used.
INDENTED WRITING or SECOND PAGE WRITING
42
can be a source of identification in anonymous note cases and is an invaluable investigation procedure when medical records are suspected of containing alterations.
Indented writing
43
ESDA
Electrostatic Detection Apparatus
44
Indented writing is normally recovered by one of two methods
oblique (glancing) light
ESDA, (Electrostatic Detection Apparatus)
45
When writing occurs on paper, which is on top of other sheets of paper, indentations of that writing may appear on some of the bottom pages depending on the
pen pressure.
46
CLASSIFICATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. PERMANENT
2. COMMON / USUAL
3. OCCASIONAL
4. RARE
47
this characteristic can be found always in handwriting of a person
PERMANENT
48
this characteristic can be found in a group of writers who studied the same system of writing. Example: Stenography
COMMON / USUAL
49
this characteristic is only found occasionally in one’s handwriting. This is unique stroke that makes the writer different from others
OCCASIONAL
50
this characteristic is special to the writer and perhaps found only in one or two persons in a group of 100 individuals.
RARE
51
TYPES OF STANDARDS
1. COLLECTED/ PROCURED STANDARDS
2. REQUESTED/ DICTATED STANDARDS
52
refers to writings of a person written in the course of daily life such as signatures in legal documents, signatures on canceled checks, handwritings in school notebooks, formal letters, commercial/ official/ public and private document and other handwritings.
COLLECTED/ PROCURED STANDARDS
53
are signatures or handwritings (or hand printings) written by an individual upon request for the purpose of comparison with other handwriting.
REQUESTED/ DICTATED STANDARDS
54
REQUESTED/ DICTATED STANDARDS is known in its Latin term as
post litem motan” Standards
55
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN GATHERING STANDARDS
The Amount of Standard Needed
At least 8 signatures
At least 4-5 pages of natural handwriting
56
Refers to any material containing marks, signs or symbols either visible, partially visible or invisible which furnish or convey information, meaning, or message to a person.
DOCUMENT
57
It is any written statement by which a right is established or an obligation is extinguished
DOCUMENT
58
The term document came from the latin word “documentum”which means
“lesson, example.”
59
French word “docere”, which means to
teach
60
Any document in which contents appearing therein are questionable, seemingly untrue, or contested either in whole or in part with respect to their authenticity, identity or origin.
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
61
Refers to the scientific process of investigating questioned/disputed documents. It includes the scrutiny of the writing materials and instrument used, ink, handwriting, and other marks that may affect the authenticity of the document.
QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS EXAMINATION
62
Any document which was completely handwritten and signed by one person. In a number of jurisdictions, a holographic will can be probated without anyone having witnessed its execution.
HOLOGRAPH DOCUMENT
63
Refers to personnel of the crime laboratory who specialize in document examination.
The examiner is responsible in Handwriting Identification
DOCUMENT EXAMINER
64
A person who focuses on the money trail and criminal intent of the person using the document being questioned
FRAUD INVESTIGATOR
65
A person who has expertise on date, type, source, and/or catalogue various types of paper watermarks, ink, printing/copy/fax machines computer cartridges, etc. using chemical methods.
PAPER and INK SPECIALIST
66
A person who analyses altered, obliterated, changed, or doctored documents and photos using infrared lighting, expensive spectography equipment, or digital enhancement techniques.
FOREGERY SPECIALIST
67
A person who is expert on the origin, make and model of typewriters and documents produced from it.
TYPEWRITING ANALYST
68
The result of a very complicated series of acts treated as a whole, a combination of certain forms of visible mental and muscular habits acquired by long painstaking effort.
HANDWRITING
69
Handwriting is sometimes called
BRAINWRITING
70
is neuromuscular process that originates in the brain. Some researchers have called it brain writing. For litigation process it is important to know whether the normal process has in any way been impeded either through the use of medication or drugs, or through illness or extreme old age.
Handwriting
71
The study and analysis of handwriting to assess the writer's traits or personality.
GRAPHOLOGY
72
examines handwriting and tells the personality of a person based from handwriting characteristics.
Graphologist or Grapho-analyst
73
The study of documents and writing materials to determine their genuineness or authorship.
BIBLIOTICS
74
The study of ancient writing that is concerned with inscription on stone, clay tablets, bone, metal, bamboo strips and other surfaces. This came from the Greek term “Palaios” which means Old Writing.
PALEOGRAPHY
75
refers to lines that form a character
STROKE
76
as used in questioned document examination, refers to letters, numbers, punctuations, symbols, and ornaments.
CHARACTER
77
Those documents that are notarized by a notary public or competent public official with solemnities required by law.
PUBLIC DOCUMENTS
78
are deeds or instruments executed by a private person without the intervention of a notary public or other persons legally authorized, and which proves same disposition or agreement as evidenced or set forth therein.
PRIVATE DOCUMENTS
79
are instrument issued by the government or its agents or its officer having the authority to do so and the offices, which in accordance with their creation, they are authorized to issue and be issued in the performance of their duties.
OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS
80
are documents that are regulated by the Code of Commerce and mercantile law. These documents are those that or any other commercial law.
COMMERCIAL DOCUMENTS
81
Known as manuscript or functional writing
It’s any disconnected style of writing or junction broken. This is being learned by school children who are just beginning to write.
SCRIPT
82
Known as conventional or running writing
Most parts are joined together by a junction connection. It is used by most adults. This is used when script/manuscript writing is mastered.
CURSIVE
83
Known as printed writing
Is characterized by all capital or uppercase letters. This originates from the Japanese
BLOCK
84
Prehistoric people drew pictures of wild animals on the walls of caves and rock shelters that tell the story of how they hunted for food
CRUDE WRITING
85
- The Sumerians invented a system of writing that used wedged-shaped symbols and wedge –shaped stick
“stylus”
86
The Sumerians invented a system of writing that used wedged-shaped symbols and wedge –shaped stick “stylus”
CUNEIFORM
87
The first known form of writing
CUNEIFORM
88
- Formal writing system used by ancient Egyptians beginning around 3000 BCE.
- It combined pictographic and alphabetic elements.
HIEROGLYPHICS
89
“hiero” means
sacred
90
“glyph” means
carved or engraved
91
Contained 22 letters that represented sounds
PHOENICIAN ALPHABET
92
-People who are knowledgeable in writing
- They offer service to people who would want to send letters to others. They make this service as a way of living.
SCRIBES
93
Refers to the in printing, it refers to straight up-and-down letters.
ROMANS
94
- A term used by printers that refers to the slanted style of letters similar to those in cursive writing.
ITALIC
95
- A system of writing that involves pictures or logos in constructing words
- The first system of writing which was very difficult to learn and write and can give relatively few pronunciation clues.
LOGOGRAPHIC SYSTEM
96
- A system of writing which was developed by a Japanese Cherokee Sequoya
- This ancient system of writing was first used in writing and recording his native language
SYLLABARY SYSTEM
97
- This alphabetic system was invented by the SEMETIC People at about 1500 BC, The PHOENICIANS developed the alphabet further. The GREEK took it over from the Phoenicians, and the ROMANS borrowed it from the Greeks and have it well-developed until it was spread out entire the world.
ALPHABETIC SYSTEM
98
are those muscles that function when the pen forms the upward strokes.
EXTENSOR MUSCLE
99
are those that function when the pen forms the downward strokes.
FLEXOR MUSCLES
100
are those that function when the pen performs horizontal/across strokes.
BICEP/ LUMBRICAL MUSCLES
101
the letters are made entirely by the action of the thumb, the index, and middle fingers. Such is found among children, illiterates and those to whom writing is an unfamiliar process.
FINGER MOVEMENT
102
the letters are produced by the action of the whole hand with the wrist as the center of action and with some actions of the fingers.
HAND MOVEMENT
103
the movement in writing is made by the hand and arm supported with the elbow of the center of the lateral swing
ARM MOVEMENT
104
the action is produced by the entire arm without any rest. The source of motion is the shoulder. Writing on a blackboard is a good example.
WHOLE ARM MOVEMENT
105
the term that refers the situation when a person is able to use the right and the left hand with equal skills in writing. It came from the Latin word “dexter” which means “right-handed” and from its old Latin term “ambidexter” which means “right-handed on both sides”. The letters w,h,e,g,k,q are considered difficult letters to be written by beginners based on survey.
AMBIDEXTROUS
106
- Refers to the line on top of a capital letter.
- This is located just above the waistline.
ASCENDER LINE
107
All letters that reach the ascender line are called
ascending letters.
108
Refers to the line that is found below just below the baseline
DESCENDER LINE
109
All letters that go down to the descender line are called
descending letters.
110
Refers to the writing line that the body of the letter sits upon.
BASE LINE (or WRITING LINE)
111
- Refers to the guideline showing the correct position for the upper boundary of the x-height.
WAISTLINE
112
- Refers to the height of the letter between the baseline and the waistline.
- It also refers to the height of the lowercase letters particularly the vowels.
X-HEIGHT
113
- Refers to the height of the capital or uppercase letters.
CAP LINE OR CAP – HEIGHT
114
An oversized capital letter used to start a paragraph.
DROP CAP
115
- refers to characters that combine or connect. For instance, letter A combines with E, following (ff); street (st). Ligature can be standard and personalized.
LIGATURE
116
A writer can be known based on
personalized ligature
117
the space inside the loops of selected letters.
COUNTER
118
refers to the pen point
NIB
119
refers to the angle at which the nib meets the paper relative to the baseline.
PEN ANGLE
120
a small stroke that begins or ends a letter.
SERIF
121
(also known as STAFF, TRUNK, OR STALK
STEM
122
the foundation of every character
STEM
123
is a form of letter beautification that is usually found in aesthetically printing characters.
BRACKET
124
refers to the slope of a letter. The 3 kinds are slant to the right, left, and vertical slant.
SLANT
125
refers to the stroke which connects the arch to the down stroke of a letter.
BRANCHING STROKE / JUNCTION CONNECTION
126
- refers to the guideline showing the correct slant
SLANT LINE
127
refers to the horizontal stroke to complete letters t, and H.
CROSS BAR
128
a non-structural embellishment (beautification) added to a letter.
FLOURISH
129
lines that forms every character which are very thin.
HAIRLINE
130
