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INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY > PRELIMS > Flashcards

PRELIMS Flashcards

1
Q

interventional radiology procedures began in the _____ with angiography

A

1930

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2
Q

in the early 1960s, ______ _______ pioneered transbrachial selective coronary angiography

A

Mason Jones

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3
Q

he introduced coronary angiography

A

Melvin Judkins

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4
Q

he introduced visceral angiography

A

Charles Dotter

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5
Q

in 1953, ____ _____ _____ described a method of arterial access in which a catheter was used

A

Sven Ivar Seldinger

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6
Q

in angiography, the common _______ artery is most often used for arterial access

A

femoral

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7
Q

it allows the radiologist to position the catheter within the vascular network

A

guidewire

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8
Q

are fabricated of stainless steel and contain an inner core wire that is tapered at the end to a soft, flexible tip

A

guidewire

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9
Q

______ for guidewires is a variation of the tip configuration that was initially designed for use in atherosclerotic vessels filled with plaque

A

J-Tip

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10
Q

catheter diameter is categorized in _____ (Fr) sizes

3 Fr equaling 1 mm in diameter

A

French

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11
Q

the H1 or _______ tip is designed by Vincent Hinck is used for the femoral approach to the brachiocephalic vessels

A

headhunter

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12
Q

_________ catheter is highly curved for approach to sharply angled vessels

A

Simmons catheter

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13
Q

c2 or _____ catheter has an angled tip joined to a gentle curve and is used for introduction to celiac, renal and mesenteric arteries

A

cobra catheter

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14
Q

_________ catheters have side holes for ejecting contrast media into a compact bolus

A

pigtail catheters

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15
Q

________ iodine compounds were used for contrast injections

A

ionic

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16
Q

_________ contrast media have largely replaced ionic agents

A

non ionic

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17
Q

what is the most common complication associated with catheter angiography?

A

continued bleeding at the puncture site

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18
Q

what are the other risk factors of arteriography?

A

related to kidney failure

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19
Q

the procedure room should not be less than __ ft. along any wall and not less than ____ ft^2

A

20ft along any wall

not less than 500 ft^2

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20
Q

the control room should be large, perhaps ____ ft^2

A

100 ft^2

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21
Q

The _____ ______ for an IR suite is generally more massive, flexible, and expensive than that required for conventional radiographic and fluoroscopic imaging

A

x-ray apparatus

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22
Q

The x-ray tube used for IR procedures has a small target angle, a large diameter massive anode disc, and cathodes designed for ___________ and __________ _________.

A

magnification and serial radiography

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23
Q

The size and construction of the anode disc determine the _______ ____ capacity which in turn influences the power rating.

A

anode heat

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24
Q

An x-ray tube with a minimum __ kW rating and 1 MHU heat capacity is required.

A

80 kW

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25
Q

Other imaging and interventional procedures do not require a tilt couch, but a stationary patient couch with a _______ or ______ tabletop is used instead.

A

floating or movable

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26
Q

angio -

A

blood vessel

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27
Q

is the radiological study of blood vessel in the body after the introduction of iodinated contrast media

A

angiography

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28
Q

it is a technique by which bone structures images are subtracted or canceled out from a film of bones plus opacified vessels, leaving an unobscured image of the vessels

A

subtraction

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29
Q

is the acquisition of digital fluoroscopic images combined with injection of contrast and real time subtraction of pre and post contrast images to perform angiography

A

digiral subtraction angiography

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30
Q

The Portuguese neurologist _____ _______, (Nobel Prize winner 1949), in 1927 developed the technique of contrast x-ray cerebral angiography to diagnose diseases, such as tumors and arteriovenous malformations.

A

Egas Moniz

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31
Q

The idea of subtraction images was first proposed by the Dutch radiologist ________ des Plantes in the 1935, when he was able to produce subtracted images using plain films

A

Ziedses des Plantes

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32
Q

3 conditions of DSA

A

scout film
angiogram film contrast
no motion of head

33
Q

it is a large steel container, inside of it are arranged number of strong wire separatios

A

loading magazine

34
Q

it is a shallows, polished metal container

A

receiving cassette

35
Q

it is a sliding section which can be pushed down by firm finger pressure and is retained by central spring loaded catch

A

lid

36
Q

A technique by which bone structure images are subtracted or canceled out from a film of bones and opacified vessels, leaving an unobscured image of the vessel

A

photographic subtraction technique

37
Q

repair or unblocking of blood vessels

A

angioplasty

38
Q

small mesh tubes that treat narrow or weak arteries

A

stenting

39
Q

dissolving blood clots

A

thrombolysis

40
Q

block blood flow to cancer cells

A

embolization

41
Q

studies of tissues

A

biopsies

42
Q

matching one image over another so that bony landmarks are precisely superimposed

A

registration

43
Q

reverse tone duplicate of radiographic image, showing black changed to white and white to black

A

reversal film or mask film

44
Q

film showing bone structures only, with no patient motion b/n it and subsequent contrast studies

A

zero film or scout film

45
Q

radiographic image obtained with the contrast media induced in the patient

A

series film

46
Q

the simplest method of photographic subtraction

A

first order subtraction

47
Q

the simplest zero film obtained in the first order subtraction is usually not the exacy reversal of the density of selected angiographic film

A

second order subtraction

48
Q

the imperfection can be corrected with _____ order subtraction which is developed by Hanafee and Shinno

A

second order

49
Q

correcting misregistered images

A

remasking

50
Q

method to diminish blurry images

A

pixel shifting

51
Q

edges of the vessels can be enhanced so that small details can be made more obvious

A

edge enhancement

52
Q

a small amount of original image is added into the subtracted image

A

land marking

53
Q

operates by reducing the statistical fluctuations in each pixel by averaging the pixel with its closest neighbors

A

noise smoothing

54
Q

______ mapping is useful for the placement of catheters and wires in comples and small vasculature

A

road mapping

55
Q

is the process by which something is separated into its component part

it refers to the amount of detail which is observable

number of pais of black and white lines which an image forming or image recording device can demonstrate in a length of 1 mm

A

resolution

56
Q

_______ resolution is determined by number of vertical scan lines

A

vertical resolution

57
Q

________ of the image on a tv screen clearly depends on the contrast of the original image focused onto the signsl plate of the pick up tube

both camera and monitor affets the ______ of a TV image

A

contrast

58
Q

______ camera reduces contrast by a factor of approximately 0.8 and the monitor enhances by a factor of 2

A

vidicon camera

59
Q

the term __________ and brightness are often used when discussing the aspect of TV image

A

luminance

60
Q

________ can be defined as light emitted per unit area from a surface

it is measured in candela per square meter (cd/m²)

A

luminance

61
Q

______ _______ _______ (abc) helps to maintain the image intensifier exposure rate based on the subject’s thickness

it is critical to the patient dose and image quality

A

automatic brightness control

62
Q

________ ______ _______ (agc) it brightness is controlled by varying sensitivity of the tv system

it is fairly simple and inexpensive way to control image brightness

it does not change the xray dose rate to the patient

A

automatic gain control

63
Q

is the term used to describe inability of an imaging system to follow rapid changes in its input image

A

image lag

64
Q

_________ of the image occur in the image intensifier or in the optical coupling system which links its output phosphor to the signal plate of the tv pick up tube

A

distortion

65
Q

is a type of fluroscopy technique used in IR to clearly visualize blood vessels in a bony or dense soft tissue environment

is a fluoroscopic technique used extensively in IR for visualizing blood vessels

A

digital subtraction angiography

66
Q

angiography is largely possible because of _________ technique for intravascular process

A

seldinger technique

67
Q

modalities we used during IR procedure

A

xrays
MRI
fluoroscopy
CT
utz

68
Q

evacuated electron tube that produces xray by accelersting electrons to a high velocity with a high voltage field and causing them to collide with a target

A

xray tube

69
Q

interventional __________ uses ionizing radiation to guide small instruments such as catheters through blood vessels or other pathways in the body

A

interventional fluoroscopy

70
Q

______ _______ are the most effective personal radiation protection means and should be worn by everyone in a fluoroscopy room

A

lead aprons

71
Q

puncture sites

______ artery - most frequently used
______ artery - high approach is preferable
axillary artery
______ - for historical interest only

A

femoral artery
brachial artery
aorta

72
Q

this approach is associated with a higher incidence of complication, it should only be used if femoral artery puncture is not possible

A

high brachial artery puncture

73
Q

this approach is associated with a higher incidencr of complications and should only be used if femoral or high brachial artery puncture is not possible

A

axillary puncture

74
Q

3 complications of catheter techniques

A

due to anesthetic
due to contrast medium
due to technique

75
Q

____ is the persistence of luminscence after xray stimulation has been terminated

it degrades the temporal resolution of dynamic image

A

lag

76
Q

a fall off in brightness at the periphery of an image

it is caused by the unequal collection of light at the center of the image intensifier compared with the light at its periphery

A

vignetting

77
Q

scattering of light and the defocusing of photoelectrons within the image intensifier

it degrades object contrast at the output phosphor of the image intensifier

A

veiling glare

78
Q

is a geometric, nonlinear magnification across the image

the distortion is easily visualized by imaging a rectangular grid with the fluoroscope

A

pincushion distortion

79
Q

electrons within the image intensifier move in paths along designated lines of flux

this characteristics causes the image in a fluoroscopic system to distory with an S shape

A

s distortion

INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY (3 decks)

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