Prelims Flashcards
studies the human story or narrative as
reflected in fictional and other literary
writings
Literature / Literary Arts
it deals with the art of speaking and
communicating
Language / Communication
Arts
It deals with the more tangible
manifestations of creativity in the form of
paintings, music, dance, etc.
Visual/Sound/Movement
It provides us with the tools and methods to analyze arguments, evaluate their validity, and identify fallacies.
logic
It seeks to address profound questions about the nature of being, the universe, consciousness, and the fundamental principles that underpin our reality.
metaphysics
It explores questions such as “What is knowledge?”, “How do we know what we know?”, and “What are the sources of knowledge?”.
Epistemology
Studies about what is good and bad
actions
Ethics
Deals with the nature of art and beauty.
Aesthetics
explores questions of social order, cooperation, justice, power, and the principles that guide our collective life. This field of inquiry examines the nature of society, the role of government, and the values that shape human interactions and governance.
Social / Political Philosophy
It studies the reality of the person in his
concrete experience of existence,
freedom, love, and etc.
philosophy of the person
Like philosophies of God, Language, and
more
And so on and so forth
studies matter, motion and behavior
through space-time
physics
Studies matter, its composition and
reactions
chemistry
Studies matter, its composition and
reactions
biology
Studies human interaction and
relationship. From Socius = interaction
sociology
aims to understand the origin, development, and diversity of human societies and cultures, both in the present and the past.
anthropology
Deals with the study of behaviour and
mental processes.
phycology
Is the study of how to manage the limited
resources to satisfy human needs and
wants.
economics
is a social science discipline that focuses on the study of governments , political systems, public policies, and political behavior
political science
Study of patterns and connections or
interrelationships of past events.
History
e humans relate with each other, they have to interact with each other
social process
refers to a population of people that is organized in a cooperative manner
to carry out the major functions of life, including reproduction, sustenance, shelter, and defense.
society
recurring patterns of behavior that
people create through their interactions, their exchange of information, and their relationships.
social structures
is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain
expectations, rights, and duties.
status
– is assigned to a person without regard for the person’s unique talents and
characteristics,
Ascribed status
– is a status that comes largely through your own efforts and talents.
Achieved status
consists of the norms associated
with a particular status – norms that specify the behavior required of an individual occupying that position
role
statuses are accompanied by a cluster of related but somewhat distinct roles which is called
.
role set
is any
collection of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations regarding one another’s behavior,
group
(consisting of individuals who temporarily share the same physical space
but who do not see themselves as belonging together)
Aggregate
(consisting of people who share
similar characteristics but do not interact nor take one another into account)
Category
is one that we feel positively towards and identify with, and that produces a sense of
loyalty or “we” feeling
in-group
, on the other hand, are those that we do not belong and that we view
in a neutral or possibly hostile manner.
out-group
, they are composed of people
we look up to in order to evaluate our own behavi0r
reference groups
(which provides guidance concerning how we act)
normative function
(whereby we can assess ourselves in relation to others.
comparative
function
someone who you look up to
role model
is a set of widely
shared beliefs, norms, or procedures necessary for meeting the basic needs of society
social institution
views society as a complex system made up of interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability and promote solidarity. This approach focuses on the social structures and institutions that shape society as a whole.
Structural Functionalism
explores how social structures, such as social classes, gender roles, and racial hierarchies, perpetuate inequalities and create tensions.
Conflict theory
is defined by most
anthropologists as the values, behavior, and material objects that together form a people’s way of life
culture
involves the integration of economies, societies, and cultures through the exchange of goods, services, technology, and ideas.
globalization
consists of the physical creations that members of a society make, use and share
Material
culture
on the other hand, consists of the abstract or intangible human creations of society that influenced
people’s behavior.
Non-material
culture
is something to which people attach meaning and
which they can use to communicate and understand each other
symbol
– involves one’s body to communicate with others, sending messages without words.
Gestures
– the primary way in which people communicate through words
Language
– are shared standards of what is right and desirable.
Values
– are more specific rules about appropriate behavior.
Norms
are strong norms that are regarded as morally significant, and violations of them
are considered a serious matter.
Morals
– are the ordinary usages and conventions of everyday life.
Folkways
– are rules that has been formally enacted by a political authority and is backed by the power
of the state.
Laws
– all norms whether they are codified (into laws) or not (like morals) are supported by
sanctions, which refer to the set of rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate
behavior
Sanctions
the process by which members of a culture learn their cultural ways.
enculturation,
– as a shared experience, people living in a certain cultural situation could
acquire their culture through their exchange and acquisition of their way of life
Shared and Acquired
– all cultures are subject to multitudes of factors that evolve over time if
that culture is to survive.
Dynamic and Changing
– culture acts like a software of a society. Any aspect of culture could affect to all other
aspects or elements like a domino effect.
Integrated
people create culture as a means of adapting to the environment, and so
their cultural practices are necessarily affected by the particular pressure and opportunities of the
physical surroundings in which they live.
the Ecological View
T – this view analyzes specific components of culture more closely
and look for the functions they perform, or effects they have, in maintaining order in a society.
he Functionalist Perspective
– this perspective views culture as a “means” (like a tool or device)
created by the powerful and privileged people in society whereby values and norms are used to
sustain the powerful sector’s dominance over the less powerful and less privileged.
The Conflict Perspective
– is the tendency to judge other cultures by the standards of one’s culture which
often leads to cultural imperialism,
Ethnocentrism
, the coercive imposition of a dominant culture’s standards to
weaker cultures.
cultural imperialism
– stresses that different socio-cultural contexts give rise to different sociocultural realities, thus, though difficult to adapt, emphasizes equality, understanding, and respect
among different cultures
Cultural Relativism
– is the belief that one’s culture is inferior and therefore should be judge using the
standards of other assumed superior cultures.
Xenocentrism
– it is “shock” experienced by an individual’s immersion to a new and different
culture.
Culture Shock
– it is an experience of being left out or outmoded of the current trends of the society
where the individual belongs.
Culture Lag
