PRELIMS Flashcards
Originated from Old French, from Latin Scientia,
from scire ‘know’. A knowledge about or study of
the natural world based on facts learned through
experiments and observation.
Science
According to Famous American Science Historian: “Modern is a discovery of a well as an invention.”
John Heilbron
He considered science as a discovery of regularity in nature, enough for natural phenomena to be described by principles and laws.
John Heilbron
He also explained that science
required invention to devise techniques,
abstractions, apparatuses, and
organizations to describe these natural
regularities and their law-like descriptions.
John Heilbron
According to American computer programmer: “What defines a technological tool—one historical definition—is something that takes a
human’s sense or ability and augments it and makes it more powerful.
Mark Elliot Zuckerberg
One of the world’s most
powerful business leaders, he gave
a revealing answer about how he thinks
about the role of technology.
Mark Elliot Zuckerberg
According to South African-born British developmental biologist: He is an author, and broadcaster. He is recognized for his work on the intracellular positional information that guides cellular development.
Lewis Wolpert
The idea that science is dangerous is deeply embedded in our culture, particularly in literature, yet science provides the best way of understanding the world. Science is not the same as technology.
Lewis Wolpert
According to American astronomer: He was an American astronomer, planetary scientist, cosmologist,
astrophysicist, astrobiologist, author, and science communicator. especially with his public television series Cosmos.
Carl Edward Sagan
“We live in a society absolutely dependent on science and technology and yet have cleverly arranged things so that almost no one understands science and technology. That’s a clear prescription for disaster.”
Carl Edward Sagan
is a relatively new academic field. Its roots lie in the interwar period and continue into the start of the Cold War, when historians and sociologists of science, and scientists themselves, became interested in the relationship between scientific knowledge,
technological systems, and society.
Science and Technology Studies (STS)
is a relatively new academic field. It builds bridges between disciplines that do not ordinarily meet each other in the undergraduate curriculum, such as sociology and science, law and science, anthropology and technology, environmental science and political theory, or technology and philosophy.
Science and Technology Studies (STS)
explores in rich and compelling ways
what difference it makes to human societies that we, collectively, are producers and users of science and technology.
Science and Technology Studies (STS)
Top 10 list of ethical dilemmas in science
and technology
- Helix
- The Robot Priest
- Emotional Sensing Facial Recognition
- Ransomware
- The textalyzer
- Social Credit Systems
- Google Clips
- Sentencing Software
- The rise of robot friendship
- The citizen app
During the growth of the ancient civilizations, ancient technology was the result from advances in engineering in ancient times.
Ancient Period
This section includes the advances in
technology and the development of several engineering sciences in historic times before the Middle Ages, which began after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, the
death of Justinian I in the 6th century, the coming of Islam in the 7th century, or the rise of Charlemagne in the 8th century
Ancient Period
Ancient Civilizations
A. Africa
B. Mesopotamia
C. Egypt
D. Greece
E. Ancient China
F. Roman Empire
Verge escapement/mechanical clocks
replaced _________.
hourglasses
The Blast furnace first appeared in
___________ and ____________.
Switzerland and Germany
The wheelbarrow was invented in the _______.
Middle Ages
has a history stretching to the beginning of the human species, stretching back to the first evidence of tool
use by hominid ancestors in the areas of Africa where humans are believed to have
evolved.
Africa
saw the advent of some of the earliest iron working technology in the Aïr
Mountains region of what is today Niger and the erection of some of the world’s oldest monuments, pyramids and towers in Egypt, Nubia, and North Africa.
Africa
In ___________, glazed quartzite and building in brick was developed to a greater extent than in Egypt
Nubia and ancient Kush
saw the creation of the world’s oldest carbon steel creation with high-temperature blast furnaces created by
the Haya people of Tanzania.
African Swahili Coast
is contemporaneous with the evolution of the genus Homo, with the
possible exception of the early, when species prior to Homo may have manufactured tools.
Stone Age
is a historical period that
was characterized by the use of bronze,
in some areas proto-writing, and other
early features of urban civilization.
Bronze age
second principal period
of the three-age Stone-Bronze-Iron
system
Bronze age
the three-age Stone-Bronze-Iron
system, as proposed in modern times by
______________________, for
classifying and studying ancient
societies.
Christian Jürgensen Thomsen
is the final epoch of the three-age division of the prehistory and protohistory of humanity. The concept has been mostly applied to Europe and the Ancient Near East, and, by analogy, also to other parts of the Old World.
Iron Age
They were one of the first Bronze Age people in the world. Early on they used copper, bronze and gold, and later they used iron.
Mesopotamia
were used for armor as well
as for different weapons such as swords,
daggers, spears, and maces.
copper,
bronze, and iron
invented and used many simple
machines, such as the ramp to aid
construction processes.
Egyptian/ Egypt
They were among the first to extract gold by large-scale mining using
fire-setting, and the first recognizable map, the Turin papyrus shows the plan of one such mine in Nubia.
Egypt
had a (still not very effective) cavalry arm (indeed, it has been argued that these early horseback riding soldiers may have given rise to the development of the later, heavily armed foot-soldiers known as hoplite), and the rocky terrain of the Greek mainland was unsuited for wheeled vehicles.
Greece
from Mycenaean palaces
record large inventories of chariots,
sometimes with specific details as to how
many chariots were assembled or not (i.e.,
stored in modular form).
Linear B Tablets (Greece)
the compass, gunpowder, paper making, and printing were among the most important technological advances, only known in Europe by the end of the Middle Ages.
Ancient China
According to the Scottish researcher ______________, the Chinese made many firstknown discoveries and developments.
Joseph Needham
Major technological contributions include early seismological detectors, matches, paper, the double-action piston pump, cast iron, the iron plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the
suspension bridge, natural gas as fuel, the magnetic compass, the raised-relief map, the propeller, the crossbow, the south-pointing chariot, and gunpowder.
Ancient China
block printing and movable type, phosphorescent paint, and the spinning wheel.
Ancient China
is the collection of techniques, skills, methods, processes, and engineering practices utilized and developed
by the civilization of ancient Rome
Roman technology
was a technologically advanced civilization of
antiquity.
Roman Empire
incorporated
technologies from the Greeks, Etruscans, and
Celts.
Romans
The main types of power accessed
by the ancient Romans were ________, ________, and ________.
human, animal,
and water
The spinning wheel was invented in ______.
India
The Tidal Mill first appeared in _______.
Ireland
was an early computer.
Astrolabe
is a curved blade weapon
Panabas (Philippines)
hilt is sometimes wrapped with
rattan to improve the grip. The two holes on the crossguard are where the metal “staples” (C- or U-shaped) go, as additional protection for the wielder’s hand.
kampilan
regularly used in
performances by Kontra-Gapi, a modern
music ensemble from the Philippines
five-key bamboo version
The Revolution was the paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic model of the heavens, which described the cosmos as having Earth stationary at the center of the universe, to the
heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System.
Copernican Revolution
was a Renaissance-era
mathematician and astronomer, who
formulated a model of the universe that placed
the Sun rather than Earth at the center of the
universe,
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS is also called
Tolosani
gives us an
important framework for understanding the
Universe. The Universe and everything in it
can be understood and predicted using a set
of basic physical laws (“rules”).
Copernican Revolution
Copernicus’ model for the
solar system is _______, with the planets
circling the sun rather than Earth.
heliocentric
Copernicus dedicated the book to
(Pope: 1534-49) who was known for his
astrological predilection:
Paul III
This astrologer is promoted to a cardinal because he had twice forecasted his election to the Papacy
(Luca Gaurico)
believed that the heavenly bodies’
circular motions were caused by their being attached to unseen revolving solid spheres.
Ptolemy
theory was that new species arise naturally,
by a process of evolution, rather than having
been created—forever immutable—by God.
The Evolution of Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution states
that evolution happens by ______________.
natural selection.
Individuals with characteristics best suited to their environment are more likely to survive, finding food, avoiding predators and resisting disease.
Natural selection
is centrally important in the development of scientific and humanist ideas because he first made people aware of their place in the evolutionary process when the most powerful and intelligent form of life discovered how humanity had evolved.
Charles Darwin
Darwin’s theory of evolution, also called
________, can be further divided into 5
parts: “evolution as such”, common descent,
gradualism, population speciation, and
natural selection (The Darwinian
Revolution).
Darwinism
Darwin’s theory of evolution, also called
Darwinism, can be further divided into 5
parts:
“evolution as such”, common descent,
gradualism, population speciation, and
natural selection
may be viewed as the discovery of a way of locating in the mind objective entities which can be studied like
physical things
Freudian Revolution
argued that personality is formed through conflicts among three
fundamental structures of the human mind: the id, ego, and superego.
the psychoanalytic theory of personality
development
is based on the work of
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939).
Freudian psychology
is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind, dreams, infantile sexuality, libido, repression, and transference—all of which continue to influence the field of psychology to
varying degree.
Freud
Filipinos were already aware of the medicinal
and therapeutic properties of plants and the
methods of extracting medicine from herbs.
Pre-Colonial Period
They already had an alphabet, number system, a weighing and measuring system
and a calendar. Filipinos were already
engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and
weaving.
Pre-Colonial Period
introduced formal education and founded
scientific institution.
Spanish Colonial Period
Parish schools were established where religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music was taught. Sanitation and more advanced
methods of agriculture was taught to the natives. Established colleges and universities in the archipelago including the University of Santo Tomas
Spanish Colonial Period
inclined towards agriculture, food
processing, medicine and pharmacy. Not much focus was given on the development of industrial technology due to free trade policy with the United States which nurtured an
economy geared towards agriculture and trade.
American Period and Post-Commonwealth Era
the importance given to science grew. In the
amended 1973 Philippine Constitution,
Article XV, Section 9 (1), he declared that the
“advancement of science and technology
shall have priority in the national
development.” In his two terms of presidency
and during Martial Law, he enacted many
laws promoting science and technology.
Marcos Era and Martial Law
In 1986, during Corazon Aquino’s presidency, the National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and
Technology, giving science and technology a representation in the cabinet.
Fifth Republic
Under the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan for the years 1987-1992, science and technology’s role in the economic recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted. During Corazon Aquino’s State of the Nation Address in 1990,
she said that science and technology
development shall be one of the top three priorities of the government towards an economic recovery.
Fifth Republic
widely credited as the brainchild of Dr. Fe del Mundo. This makeshift device is relatively inexpensive and easy to reproduce, making it ideal for use in rural communities and areas with no
electricity.
bamboo incubator
is an antibiotic used in treating infections of the respiratory tract,
Legionnaire’s disease, and diphtheria, as well as urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis.
Erythromycin
Dr. _____________ stumbled upon 𝘚𝘵𝘳𝘦𝘱𝘵𝘰𝘮𝘺𝘤𝘦𝘴 𝘦𝘳𝘺𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘢𝘦𝘶𝘴 (now 𝘚𝘢𝘤𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘳𝘰𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘺𝘴𝘱𝘰𝘳𝘢 𝘦𝘳𝘺𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘢𝘦𝘢), the bacteria that would lead to the discovery of erythromycin.
Dr. Abelardo Aguilar.
a relatively new board game invented by, you
guessed it, a Filipino.
Challenge 21
a 68-year-old retired economics
professor and Philippine Ports Authority
officer who invented challenge 21.
Mr. Leonardo Meija Yu
believed that smudging
(smoking) was tedious and expensive.
Furthermore, the process also emits
pollutants into the atmosphere. He proposed
an alternative: the use of a chemical spray called
Ethrel
(2-chloroethylphosphonic acid)
Ramon Barba
a native from Cagayan Valley, developed the first single-chip 16-bit
microprocessor-based calculator in the 1970s. He went on to create the world’s first system logic chip sets in 1981, which allowed the integration of all of a computer’s essential data processing features into a small package. He did not stop there, though. Banatao eventually came up with the first Windows Graphics accelerator chip for personal computers. Thanks to these
breakthroughs, he earned himself a
permanent place in the history of PC
development.
Diosdado Banatao
allowed the integration of all of a computer’s essential data processing features into a small package.
system logic chip sets
