MIDTERMS Flashcards
A work by Martin Heidegger in which the
author discusses the essence of technology.
Heidegger originally published the text in
1954, in Vorträge und Aufsätze.
The Question Concerning Technology
Heidegger initially developed the themes in the
text in the lecture “____________” (“Das
Gestell.”), first presented on December 1,
1949, in Bremen
The Framework
was presented as the
second of four lectures, collectively called
“Insight into what is.” The other lectures were
titled “The Thing” (“Das Ding”), “The Danger”
(“Die Gefahr”), and “The Turning” (“Die
Kehre”).
The Framework
the material, the
matter out of which” something is made
causa materialis
the form, the shape
into which the material enters
causa formalis
, the end, in relation to
which [the thing] required is determined
as to its form and matter
causa finalis
, which brings about
the effect that is the finished
[thing]”.
the “causa efficiens,
Heidegger concludes that “what
technology is, when represented as a
means, discloses itself when we trace
instrumentality back to fourfold
causality”. To explain this, Heidegger
uses the example of a __________.
silver chalice
When these four elements work together to
create something into appearance, it is called
___________.
bringing-forth
This bringing-forth comes from
the Greek _______ which “brings out of
concealment into unconcealment”
poiesis
This revealing can be represented by the
Greek word ________, which in English is
translated as “truth”. This truth has everything
to do with the essence of technology because
technology is a means of revealing the truth.
aletheia
The revealing of modern technology,
therefore, is not bringing-forth, but
rather ____.
challenging-forth
Heidegger draws on the _____ as an example
of how our modern technology can change a
cultural symbol.
River
To further his discussion of modern
technology, Heidegger introduces the notion
of _________. Modern technology
places humans in __________. To
explain this, Heidegger uses the example of a
________ and his relationship to the paper and
print industries, as he waits in standing reserve
for their wishes.
standing-reserve, forester
means the gathering together of
that setting-upon that sets upon man, i.e.,
challenges him forth, to reveal the real, in the
mode of ordering, as standing-reserve.
Enframing
means that way of revealing that
holds sway in the essence of modern
technology and that it is itself not technological.
Enframing
Rather, the threat is the essence because “the
rule of _______ threatens man with the
possibility that it could be denied to him to enter
into a more original revealing and hence to
experience the call of a more primal truth”.
Enframing
is one “concerning the constellation
in which revealing and concealing, in which the
coming to presence of the truth comes to pass”.
In other words, it is finding truth.
The question concerning technology
For _______ is the piety of thought.
questioning
this can thus aptly be described as a comprehensive
attempt to interrogate the idea of technology in order to gain an understanding of the essence
of the thing, rather than merely understanding it
as an instrument or a means.
The Question Concerning Technology
_________ development framework focused
on ________.
Jason Hickel’s, de-development
an alternative
to narrowing the gap between rich and poor countries.
de development
The main strategy for eradicating poverty is the
same: _______.
growth
And
the hard truth is that this global crisis is due
almost entirely to __________ in rich countries.
overconsumption
Instead of pushing poor countries to ‘catch up’ with
rich ones, we should be getting rich countries to
_________.
catch down
Right now, our planet only has enough resources
for each of us to consume ________
annually – a standardized unit that measures
resource use and waste.
1.8 “global hectares”
Economist _______ argues that instead of
pushing poorer countries to “catch up” with rich ones, we should be thinking of ways to get rich
countries to “catch down” to more appropriate
levels of development.
Peter Edward
________ manages to
sustain one of the highest happiness indicators
and life expectancies in the world with a per
capita income one-fourth that of the US.
Costa Rica
The idea of “________” rich countries might
prove to be a strong rallying cry in the global south,
but it will be tricky to sell to westerners.
de-developing
According to recent consumer research, _____ of
people in middle- and high-income countries
believe overconsumption is putting our planet and
society at risk.
70%
The idea of “_________” economics is a step in the
right direction and is growing in popularity, but it still
doesn’t get the framing right.
steady-state
Perhaps we might take a cue from _________,
who are organising alternative visions around the
indigenous concept of buen vivir, or good living.
Latin Americans
The influence of ________ work on
the physical sciences spread far and wide,
offering well thought out theory and reasoning that would prevail for many years to come
before eventually being replaced by modern
physics.
Aristotle’s
a treatise on the nature of moral life and human
happiness based on the unique essence of
human nature.
Nichomachean Ethics
Two types of Good:
- Instrumental Good
- Intrinsic Good
_______ is never an accident. It is always the result of high intention, sincere effort, and intelligent
execution; it represents the wise choice of
many alternatives – choice, not chance,
determines your destiny.
Excellence
The main point of Aristotle in living a ________
is virtue ethics which is mainly based on the
rational account of a good human life and
identifies good human life with virtuous life and
virtue is conceived as human excellence.
good life
is the life of excellence
good life
For ______, the attainment of ______ is the main
purpose of human existence.
Aristotle, good life
The highest good according to Aristotle is a
_________, which all other goods are
acted upon for; for Aristotle this highest good
is happiness or ___________ (which translates
to living well)
solitary nucleus, eudaimonia
Aristotle thought of _______ as a central
purpose of human life.
happiness
He also believed that our happiness was
dependent on ________ rather than others.
ourselves
________ is the meaning and the purpose of life: the whole aim and end of human
existence.”
Happiness
According to Aristotle, happiness consists in
achieving, through the course of a whole
lifetime, all the goods — _____, _____,_____,_____, etc. — that lead to the
perfection of human nature and to the
enrichment of human life.
health, wealth,
knowledge, friends
According to Aristotle, there are three types of
friendships:
- those based on utility,
- those based on pleasure or delight,
- those grounded in virtue.
people associate for their mutual usefulness.
These relationships are the most common.
friendship based on utility
The moral theory of Aristotle, like that of ______,
focuses on ______, recommending the virtuous
way of life by its relation to happiness
Plato, virtue
In subsequent books, excellent activity of the
soul is tied to the moral virtues and to the virtue
of “______________” — excellence in thinking
and deciding about how to behave.
practical wisdom
the ultimate good, eu (good);
daimon (spirit)
Eudaimonia
transcends all aspects of life for it is
about living well and doing well in whatever one
does.
Eudaimonia
excellence of any kind; moral virtue
Arete
virtue of thought; education, time,
and experience
Intellectual
virtue of character; habitual practice
Moral
Moral virtues are exemplified by:
o Courage
o Temperance and
o liberality;
The key Intellectual virtues are:
- wisdom
- understanding
governs ethical behavior
wisdom
is expressed in scientific endeavor and contemplation.
understanding
regarding what are the most
important virtues, Aristotle proposed the
following nine:
wisdom; prudence; justice;
fortitude; courage; liberality; magnificence;
magnanimity; temperance.
For human beings, _________ is activity of the
soul in accordance with arete (excellence,
virtue, or what something is good for”).
eudaemonia
________ as a moral virtue achieves a mean
between wastefulness and greed.
Generosity
According to Aristotle, the intellectual virtues
include:
o scientific knowledge (episteme),
o artistic or technical knowledge (techne),
o intuitive reason (nous),
o practical wisdom (phronesis), and
o philosophic wisdom (sophia).
