Preliminary Flashcards
Tourism characteristics and their planning implications
A composite product
Tourist destinations are intangible
Tourism destination have long-gestation periods
Tourism is very capital intensive
Tourism’s main assets are nature and culture
Tourism is subject to external forces that are largely uncontrollable
Tourism exerts impacts on the environment, culture and economy
Tourism is a highly dynamic and competitive industry.
Tourism’s main assets are nature and culture
Comprised of goods and serviced that are provider by entities in the tourism value chain
A composite product
Refers to the series of public and private entities that convert resources into value added tourism products that are sold to tourists
Tourism value chain
Experience gained
Tourist destinations are intangible
Long term tourism sustainability
Tourism destinations have long-gestation periods
Minimum
5 M
Political situation,weather, natural calamities, currency fluctuations and internal relations
Tourism is subject to external forces that are largely uncontrollable
Current trends and events (travel patterns) provided to tourists
External forces
It affects tourism industry tourist destination-tourist price (sustain and save money)
Economic crisis
Destinations (+-) planning and and impacts
Tourism exerts impacts on the environment, culture and economy of destinations
Innovation and development must always be present for the satisfaction of returned guest
Tourism is highly dynamic and competitve industry
The Benefits of Tourism planning
It gives new learnings
A mental exercise
Planning prevents waste of time, money and effort
Participatory tourism planning
Planning helps avoid mistakes that can lead to irreperable damage to destination
Factors to consider for effective tourism planning and development
Availability and Quality of tourism relevant data
Caliber of Planning expertise
Type and Variety of Tourism Resources
Kinds of tourism resources in adjacent tourism
According to Prof. Felipe de Leon Jr., a destination can complete by establishing its cultural identity in terms of the following: Kinds or types of Tourism Resources
(EXPLAIN)
Originality Indigenousness Authenticity Uniqueness Historicity Magnitude Excellence
Avoidance of past mistakes and networking (alternatives Plan ABC)
It gives new learnings
Planning forces us to focus on the task at hand and to think critically
A mental exercise
Contributes to the development of social capital by building trust and support among the various stakeholders in a destination
Participatory tourism planning
Up to date and comprehensive tourism-relevant data affects the level of accuracy of estimating supply capacity, forecasting demand and monitoring outcomes (tabular data: sources with name and signature)
Availability and Quality of tourism relevant data
Minimum of land
14 hectares
Determines the quality of planning outputs
Caliber of expertise/Qualifications
Being the first to have a particular attraction
Originality
Having something that can only be found in your destination
Indigenousness
Being true to traditions and methods of preparation, not contrived
Authenticity
Not found anywhere else
Uniqueness
Being significant for a particular event
Historicity
Being the tallest, smallest, biggest, or anything superlative
Magnitude
Having the highest quality
Excellence
Culture characteristics of a destination have an impact on the kind of tourists that are attracted to it. Community
Culture of the destinations residents
Geographic location has direct impacts on several
Geographic location and spatial distribution of the tourism development units
Market volume and characteristics influence the kind of amenities and services that are offered im the destination
Target Market
Stages in the Tourism Area Life Cycle (Explain) is
Exploration Involvment Development Consolidation Stagnation Decline or Rejuvenation
Discovery
Exploration
Stakeholders/govern/tourist/community
Involvement
Possibility to develop
Development
Sectors
Consolidation
Sustainabiliity/limited resources
Stagnation
Reju-recover
Decline or rejuvenation
Set parameters to what can and cannot be undone .
National Tourism Policy and Legislation
These priority areas are affiliated in RA 9593 or the Tourism Act of 2009 and translated into plans in the National Tourism Development for 2011-2016 (Section 2 of RA 9593)
National Tourism Policy and Legislation
A positive perception of tourism results in people embracing tourism development, negative perception will make people oppose it
Stakeholder’s perception and attitudes
Tourism planners must also be conscious of eternal developments that can affect the viability of planned tourism projects.
Awareness of external forces
These developments cover socio-cultural, technological, environmental, economic and political dimensions
Awareness of External Forces
The amount of financial capital requited by a tourism project and the ability to raise such amount are also a major consideration in whether to proceed with tourism development or not
Financial Capital Requirement
Sees tourism as a positive force for economic development
Boosterism/Boosterist approach
Primary goal of boosterism/Boosterist approach
Maximize tourism revenues through mass tourism
Tourism Development theories
Advocacy theories
Cautionary theories
Support theories
Advocacy theories
NGO private entirues community
Advocacy theories
Warning theories
Cautionary theories
Advocacy theories
Laidsez faire theory
Modernization theory
Trickle down
Neoliberal
A french tern for leave it be
Laissez faire theory
Known as liberal economic theory
Laissez faire theory
Assimes that tourism contributes to the economic progress and transformation of traditional societi s into modern ones
Mondernization theorty
Convert simple destinations into modern
Modernizations theorty
Economic business approach
Laissez faire theory
Assumes that any form of economic growth will lead to the improvement of the living conditions of qll
Trickle down theory
Related to this theory is the multiplier effect
Trickle down theory
Posits that the economy functions best when there is minimal government intervention
Neoliberal theory
Accepts the idea of government regulation but rejects government competing with the private sector of being a business operator itself
Neoliberal theory
Only for private entities
Neoliberal theory
Cautionary theories
Dependency theory
Irridex theory
States that tourism can actually worsen the plight of “third world” countries because the “first world” countries exploit and siphon off the resources of the latter
Dependency theory
Theory about the social impacts of tourism
Irridex or Doxey’s Irritation Index Model
It states the residents attitudes toward tourism will deter over the destination life cycle as the negative consequences of tourism intensify
Irridex or Doxey’a Irritation Index Model
Planning may not be seen as necessary when the place has underdeveloped supply and demand or where visitation rates are so small as to not perceive any impact from it
No planning
Planning only as the need arises
Ad-hoc planning
Examples of No planning
Le Preza for movies or tv shows
Relate to issue-based planning, which is planning driven by issues that emerge from time to time and the search for solutions to those issues
Dredge and Jenkins 2001
Ad-Hoc Planning
Example of Ad-Hoc Planning
Cagbalete Island
Tourism is developed and planned as an integrated within itself and as part of an overall tourism plan and total development patterns in an area
Integrated Tourism Planning
Chaisawat.n.d
Part of the masterplan
Integrated Tourism Planning
“Build it and they will come”
Product-led Development
It suggest that the key to successful tourism program is to provide infrastructure, facilities, and amenities to tourist
Product-led Development
Focused on “destination layout and design” and breaks down tourism into spatial unit such as gateways, communities, access route and attraction complexes
Spatial planning
“Know the customers and satisfy them”
Demand-led approach
Market research
Demand-led approach
Puts the government at the center of planning and development
Bureaucratic/Government-led approach
Government may use various types of policy instruments to promote tourism
Advocacy
Money
Action
Laws and Regulations
A set of rules, reguulations, guidelines, directives and development, promotion objectives and strategies that provide framework
Tourism policy
Output of the tourism planning process
Tourism plan
Tourism planning is the process of: (general)
Gathering and evaluating information
Imagining a desired future state of tourism in the destination
Choosing from a number of alternatives for achieving them
Conceptualization
Imagining a desired future state of tourism in the destination
Tourism planning process involves:
Situational analysis
Vision, goals and objectives
Strategies
How mani MVGBS
1 Mission
1 Vision
10 Objectives
10 strategies
How to attain objectives/ ways to achieve objectives
Strategies
TRREC
New Zealand’s Recreation, Research and Education Centre
TRREC provides these definitions
Vision
Goals
Objectives
Strategies
Desired future state of the destination
Vision
Broad-based targets for tourism
Goals
Targets that are SMART
Objectives
SMART
Specific Measurable Attainable Realistic Time bound
The method by which objectives will be achieved
Strategies
Tourism planning dimension
Levels
Time frame
Scope
International, National, Regional, Provincial, Municipal/City, Site
Levels
Short term, Medium term, Long term
Time frame
Short term
2 years or less
Medium term
2-5 years
Long term
5 years and up
More on planning not developments
Time frame
Short term
Wellness spa
Medium term
Water park
Comprehensive in scope
Scope
Composed of several smaller plans
Master plan
Also called the tourism development unit
Spatial units
DOT-JICA and the UNESCO provide the following spatial concepts:
Tourist site TDA Tourism cluster Tourism circuits Tourism corridor
Gives financial support on community-based project
DOT-JICA
An area that contains one or more tourist attractions
Tourist site
Tourist site
Geographical-landscape-aesthetic
Cultural-Historical
Recreational
Ecological
Natural
Geographical-landscape-aesthetic
Flora and fauna
Ecological
Adventures
Recreational
TDA
Tourism Development Area
An area designated for possessing important attraction present an important site in an specific area or groups of tourist sites
TDA
Grouping, more broad than TDA
Tourism Cluster
Composed of two or more TDAs
Tourism cluster
NTDP
The National Tourism Development Plan
DOT-JICA
Department of Tourism-Japan International Cooperation Agency
NTDP consists 5 TDAs
Northern Cebu-Bantayan-Malapascua Metro-Cebu-Mactan-Olango Island Southern Cebu Negros Oriental-Dumaguete-Siquijor Tagbilaran-Panglao Island
This was planned by ___
Aquino Administration
Defined as a route involving at least 3 major tourist destinations which are located in different towns, villages or cities and the destinations share common characteristics or themes
Tourism circuit
Refers to a route defined by a the e spanning several countries or even continents
Tourism corridor
Ex: Culinary tourism
Tourism corridor
Physical space in which a visitor spends at least one overnight
Tourism destination
Two types of bureaucratic approaches:
Central planning approach (DOT-TPB)
Devolved plaaning approach(DOT-Provincial-Local LGU)
The opposite of boosterism is low volume, high yield tourism which Scheyvens called the ___ Where strict controls are imposed on the types and and volume pf tourism to maximize revenue but minimize the adverse effects of tourism religion, culture, and environment
Middle path approach (Bhutan Model)
Works best when the place being comsidered for tourism development is endowed with natural attractions of outstanding beauty, remote beyond the reach of commercial electric and water services or protected by laws; such as protected areas and ancestral domains of indigenous people
Develop aesthetically
Environmental approach
Defined by the DOT (2002) as a form of sustainable tourism within natural and cultural heritage area where community participation protection and management of natural resources, culture and indigenous knowledge and practices, environmental education and ethics as well as economic benefits fostered and pursued for the enrichment of host communities and satisfaction of visitors
Develop natural resources, sustain the wellbeing of the community
Ecotourism approach
A tourism that is owned and/or managed by communities and intended to deliver wider community benefit
Manage and supervise the project or development of the destination
Community-based Tourism
Emphasize the role of stakeholders in the tourism planning process
Social approach
It is concerned with directing the benefit and control of resources toward the community and other vulnerable groups
Social approach
Puts people at the center of the planning process
It is an approach in which each relevant stakeholder has a say in the deliberation and decision-making process
Implementation in which the stakeholder has the right or power for decision making
Participatory/Stake
Tourism that generates net benefits for the poor
Pro-poor apprpach
In this approach, the needs of the poor are prioritized over externally -oriented growth imperatives
Pro-poor approach
Development that meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Sustainable development
Tourism that takes full account pf its current and future economic, social, and environmental impacts, adressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities
Sustainable tourism
Goals of Sustainable Tourism
Economic viability Local prosperity Employment quality Social equity Visitor fulfillment Local control Community-well being Cultural richness Physical integrity Biological diversity Resource efficiency Environmental purity
Principles and Strategies of Sustainable Tourism
Three key phases
Setting the course (1-2)
Developing the approach (3)
Ensuring on going process (4-5)
Tourism Planning Guidelines (Gunn)
Planning policy directions
Planning process
Tourism Development
Tourism Planning Needs (Circa 1988)
