Preliminary

Question 1

_ is a region of the globe that observes a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. _ tend to follow the boundaries of countries and their subdivisions because it is convenient for areas in close commercial or other communication to keep the same time.

Answer 1

Time zones

Question 2

GMT

Answer 2

Greenwich Mean Time

Question 3

UCT

Answer 3

Coordinated Universal Time

Question 4

ECT” could be interpreted as

Answer 4

Eastern Caribbean Time” (UTC−4h), “Ecuador Time” (UTC−5h), or “European Central Time” (UTC+1h).

Question 5

Amount time subtracted from or added to UCT and DST

Answer 5

Time offset

Question 6

DST

Answer 6

Daylight Saving Time

Question 7

Has been on operation for high seas

Answer 7

Nautical Standard Time

Question 8

Cardinal points (4 main points)

Answer 8

North
East
South
West

Question 9

The intermediate (intercardinal, or ordinal) directions are ___

Answer 9

northeast (NE), southeast (SE), southwest (SW), and northwest (NW).

Question 10

Further, the intermediate direction of every set of intercardinal and cardinal direction is called a _, the eight shortest points in the compass rose to the right, i.e.

Answer 10

secondary-intercardinal direction

Question 11

___, is a figure on a compass, map, nautical chart, or monument used to display the orientation of the cardinal directions: North, East, South, and West—and their intermediate points.

Answer 11

compass rose, sometimes called a windrose, or Rose of the Winds

Question 12

including nautical charts, __ (NDB), (GPS),

Answer 12

non-directional beacons

global-positioning systems

Question 13

The smallest water channels are often called brooks but creeks are often larger than brooks but may either be permanent or intermittent. Creeks are also sometimes known as streams but the word stream is quite a generic term for any body of flowing water. Streams can be intermittent or permanent and can be on the surface of the earth, underground, or even within an ocean (such as the Gulf Stream).

Answer 13

F

Question 14

It can be tributaries of rivers.

Answer 14

Brooks, creeks, streams

Question 15

_ is a larger body of water that flows aboveground, in a particular direction, and usually has a large volume of water in it. (This varies, of course, according to rainfall and/or snowfall totals. It will always have more water in it than a stream, however.)

Answer 15

A river

Question 16

A _ is a large area of a sea or ocean that is partially enclosed by land. A _ is a sheltered area of shoreline into which water flows and gathers. It is the largest kind of body of water with this description. The smallest is a _. In between is a _.

Answer 16

gulf
Cove
Bay

Question 17

Rivers also flow into _. A _ is a large body of water that is totally surrounded by land. A _ is the same thing, only with less water and a smaller diameter. No standards exist for how big a pond can become before it is officially termed a lake.

A _can also have a cove in it. A cove is a small sheltered area of shoreline into which water flows and gathers. A cove that is rather large is called a bay.

Answer 17

Lakes

Pond

Question 18

It is a large body of water that is surrounded by land or attached to another body of water.

Answer 18

Sea

Question 19

An _, which is the largest body of water on Earth, is generally thought of as having no boundaries. Its still considered to have no boundaries because to the north and south is more water.

Answer 19

Ocean

Question 20

_ are the wrinkles of age and pimples of youth on Earth’s crusty outer skin. They rise up as the crust collides, cracks, crumbles, folds, and spews. By definition, they dominate their surroundings with towering height.

Answer 20

Mountains

Question 21

The mighty chunks rise all over the world, including the oceans. They usually have steep, sloping sides and sharp or rounded ridges.

Answer 21

Mountains

Question 22

The highest point is called the _.

Answer 22

peak or summit

Question 23

Most geologists classify a mountain as a landform that rises at least _ or more above its surrounding area.

Answer 23

1,000 feet or 300 meters

Question 24

It is a series or chain of mountains that are close together.

Answer 24

Mountain Range

Question 25

The world’s tallest mountain ranges form when pieces of Earth’s crust—called _—smash against each other, in a process called _, and buckle up like the hood of a car in a head-on collision.

Answer 25

Plates

Plate tectonics

Question 26

The __a formed from one such massive wreck that started about 55 million years ago. Thirty of the world’s highest mountains are in the __.

Answer 26

The Himalaya in Asia formed from one such massive wreck that started about 55 million years ago. Thirty of the world’s highest mountains are in the Himalaya. The summit of Mount Everest, at 29,035 feet (8,850 meters), is the highest point on Earth.

Question 27

The summit of _, at 29,035 feet (8,850 meters), is the highest point on Earth.

Answer 27

Mount Everest

Question 28

_ form when molten rock from deep inside the Earth erupts through the crust and piles up on itself. The island chain of _ is actually the tops of volcanoes.

Answer 28

Volcanic mountains

Hawaii

Question 29

When magma pushes the crust up but hardens before erupting onto the surface, it forms so-called _. Wind and rain pummel the domes, sculpting _.

Answer 29

dome mountains

peaks and valleys

Question 30

_ are similar to dome mountains, but form as colliding tectonic plates push up the land without folding or faulting. They are then shaped by weathering and erosion.

Answer 30

Plateau mountains

Question 31

The study of the physical features of the earth. Includes study of regional formations and their relation to humans.

Answer 31

geography

Question 32

Imaginary lines running horizontally around the globe. Also called __, they are equidistant from each other.

Answer 32

latitude lines

Parallels

Question 33

Each degree of latitude is about _apart.

Answer 33

69 miles (110 km)

Question 34

Zero degrees (0°) latitude is the _, the widest circumference of the globe.

Answer 34

Equator

Question 35

Latitude is measured from __—90° north is the North Pole and 90° south is the South Pole.

Answer 35

0° to 90° north and 0° to 90° south

Question 36

Imaginary lines, also called __, running vertically around the globe. Unlike latitude lines, they are not parallel.

Answer 36

longitude lines

meridians

Question 37

They meet at the poles and are widest apart at the equator.

Answer 37

Meridians

Question 38

Zero degrees longitude (0°) is called the ___. The degrees of longitude run 1

Answer 38

prime meridian

Question 39

The degrees of longitude run __from the prime meridian.

Answer 39

180° east and 180° west

Question 40

Latitude and longitude lines form an imaginary grid over the Earth’s surface. By combining longitude and latitude measurements, any location on earth can be determined.

Answer 40

geographic coordinates

Question 41

The units of measurement for geographic coordinates are __

Answer 41

degrees (°), minutes (‘), and seconds (“).

Question 42

Like a circle, the Earth has _ degrees. Each degree is divided into _, which in turn is divided into _.

Answer 42

360
60 minutes
60 seconds

Question 43

Latitude and longitude coordinates also include cardinal directions: _ (Latitude is always listed first.) A less common format for listing coordinates is in decimal degrees. The Tropic of Cancer, for example, can be expressed in degrees and minutes (23°30’ N) or in decimal degrees (23.5° N).

Answer 43

north or south of the equator for latitude, and east or west of the prime meridian for longitude.

Question 44

Theory that the earth’s continents at one time were once part of a singular landmass. It is believed that the continents have spread out due to plate tectonics.

Answer 44

continental drift

Question 45

It is half the Earth’s surface.

Answer 45

Hemisphere

Question 46

The four hemispheres are the _, divided by the _, and the _, divided by the _

Answer 46

Northern and Southern hemispheres
equator (0° latitude)
Eastern and Western hemispheres
prime meridian (0° longitude) and the International Date Line (180°).

Question 47

Zero degrees latitude. The Sun is directly overhead the equator at noon on the two equinoxes (March and Sept. 20 or 21). The equator divides the globe into the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The equator appears halfway between the North and South poles, at the widest circumference of the globe. It is 24,901.55 miles (40,075.16 km) long.

Answer 47

equator

Question 48

Zero degrees longitude (0°). The prime meridian runs through the Royal Greenwich Observatory in Greenwich, England (the location was established in 1884 by international agreement). The prime meridian divides the globe into the Western and Eastern hemispheres.

Answer 48

prime meridian

Question 49

The Earth’s time zones are measured from the _.

Answer 49

prime meridian

Question 50

The time at 0° is called _ With the Greenwich meridian as the starting point, each 15° east and west marks a new time zone.

Answer 50

Universal Time (UT) or Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).

Question 51

Located at 180° longitude (180° E and 180° W are the same meridian). Regions to the east of the International Date Line are counted as being one calendar day earlier than the regions to the west. Although the International Date Line generally follows the 180° meridian (most of which lies in the Pacific Ocean), it does diverge in places. Since 180° runs through several countries, it would divide those countries not simply into two different time zones, but into two different calendar days. To avoid such unnecessary confusion, the date line dips and bends around countries to permit them to share the same time.

Answer 51

International Date Line

Question 52

Also referred to as the torrid zone or tropical zone, all the water and land of the earth between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. The tropics experience at least one day per year in which the sun passes directly overhead.

Answer 52

tropics

Question 53

A line of latitude located at 23°30’ north of the equator. The Sun is directly overhead the Tropic of Cancer on the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere (June 20 or 21). It marks the northernmost point of the tropics, which falls between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.

Answer 53

Tropic of Cancer

Question 54

A line of latitude located at 23°30’ south.

Answer 54

Tropic of Capricorn

Question 55

The most accurate map of the Earth, duplicating its spherical shape and relative size.
pole
Point at which the earth turns; the north and south poles illustrate the axis on which the earth rotates.
map
Representation of a physical plane with selective information. Maps represent a definite area and contain detailed geographical information.
atlas
Combination of maps and charts. An atlas usually includes geographical information, as well as varied non-geographical information (population statistics, sea levels, etc.) about a particular location.
compass
A directional device that is made of a magnetic needle that synchronizes with the north and south poles.
climate maps
Give general information about the climate and precipitation (rain and snow) of a region. Cartographers, or mapmakers, use colors to show different climate or precipitation zones.
economic or resource maps
Feature the type of natural resources or economic activity that dominates an area. Cartographers use symbols to show the locations of natural resources or economic activities. For example, oranges on a map of Florida tell you that oranges are grown there.
physical maps
Illustrate the physical features of an area, such as the mountains, rivers and lakes. The water is usually shown in blue. Colors are used to show relief-differences in land elevations. Green is typically used at lower elevations, and orange or brown indicate higher elevations.
political maps
Do not show physical features. Instead, they indicate state and national boundaries and capital and major cities. A capital city is usually marked with a star within a circle.
road maps
Show major-some minor highways-and roads, airports, railroad tracks, cities and other points of interest in an area. People use road maps to plan trips and for driving directions.
topographic maps
Include contour lines to show the shape and elevation of an area. Lines that are close together indicate steep terrain, and lines that are far apart indicate flat terrain.
map projections
Two-dimensional representations of the three-dimensional Earth. Because projections attempt to present the spherical Earth on a flat plane, they inevitably produce distortions. Map projections are numerous and complex (e.g., there are a variety of cylindrical, conic, or azimuthal projections). Each projection has advantages and serves different purposes, and each produces different types of distortions in direction, distance, shape, and relative size of areas. One of the most famous projections is the Mercator, created by Geradus Mercator in 1569. It is a rectangular-shaped map in which all longitude and latitude lines are parallel and intersect at right angles (on a globe, meridians are not parallel, but grow narrower, eventually converging at the poles). Near the equator, the scale of the Mercator is accurate, but the farther one moves toward the poles, the greater the distortion—Antarctica in the far south and Greenland in the far north, for example, appear gigantic. The Mercator projection was used well into the 20th century, but has now been superseded by others, including the widely used Robinson projection. The Robinson projection is an elliptical-shaped map with a flat top and bottom. Developed in 1963 by Arthur H. Robinson, it is an orthophanic (“right appearing”) projection, which attempts to reflect the spherical appearance of the Earth. The meridians, for example, are curved arcs, which gives the flat map a three-dimensional appearance. But to convey the likeness of a curved, three-dimensional globe, the Robinson projection must in fact distort shape, area, scale, and distance. The Albers, Lambert, Mollweide, and Winkel Tripel are some of the other commonly used map projections.

Answer 55

H

Question 56

lies three-quarters of the way between the equator and the South Pole.

Answer 56

The Antarctic Circle

Question 57

Three-quarters of the way between the equator and the North Pole lies the Arctic Circle. Above this line is the Arctic region, where nights last for 24 hours in the middle of winter. It is known as the Land of the Midnight Sun because in summer the sun never sets.

Answer 57

The Arctic Circle

Question 58

line is a 3,000-mile line of radar stations north of the Arctic Circle. It should notify the U.S. and Canada of the approach of enemy planes or missiles.

Answer 58

DEW Line
The DEW (distant early warning)

Question 59

This imaginary circle goes around the middle of the earth for 24,902 miles. It divides the Northern Hemisphere from the Southern Hemisphere and is exactly half way between the North and South Poles.

Answer 59

The Equator

Question 60

An imaginary line where the date changes one day when passed. It is one day earlier east of the line than it is on the west.

Answer 60

The International Date Line

Question 61

Imaginary lines that run north and south on a map from pole to pole. Meridians express degrees of longitude, or how far a place is away from the prime meridian. The prime meridian runs through Greenwich, England. Longitude is used together with latitude to form a grid on which it is possible to locate any place on the earth.

Answer 61

Meridians