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Preliminary Flashcards

0
Q

An approach that focuses on the welfare of the natural environment

A

Biocentric

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1
Q

Tourism that incorporates an element of risk, higher levels of physical exertion and a need for specialized skills to enable successful participation

A

Adventure Tourism

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2
Q

Activities such as stargazing and northern lights viewing that involve observation of day time and night time skies

A

Celestial ecotourism

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3
Q

Varieties of higher wildlife that ecotourists consider attractive and/or interesting

A

Charismatic Megafauna

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4
Q

Plants that eco tourists consider attractive and/or interesting

A

Charismatic Megaflora

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5
Q

Ecotourism in which substantial control and involvement in development and management is invested in the local community, which is a major recipient of the benefits

A

Community-based tourism

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6
Q

Ecotourism that is focused on entire ecosystems and encourages deep learning opportunities as well as behavior transformation

A

Comprehensive Ecotourism

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7
Q

Tourism that emphasizes contemporary or past cultures or history

A

Cultural Tourism

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8
Q

Methods that standardize the promotion of environmental claims by corporations or other entities by following compliance to set criteria, usually based on impartial third party verification

A

Ecolabels

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9
Q

A specialized type of ecotourism accommodation usually located in or near a protected area or other ecotourism venue, and is managed in an environmentally and socioculturally sustainable fashion

A

Ecolodge

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10
Q

Part of the corporatization trend in ecotourism; a group of ecolodges owned and operated by the same company

A

Ecolodge Chain

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11
Q

A form of tourism that fosters learning experiences and appreciation of the natural environment, or some component thereof, within its associated cultural context

A

Ecotourism

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12
Q

A tourist who participates in ecotourism activities

A

Ecotourists

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13
Q

An ecotourist market segment that is strongly biocentric and characterized as an ideal type by the desire for deep and meaningful interaction with natural setting

A

Hard ecotourists

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14
Q

An ecotourist market segment that is more anthropocentric in perspective, and prefers short term and diversionary contact with the natural environment.

A

Soft Ecotourists

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15
Q

A term coined by Gossling to describe indirect environmental costs incurred by an ecotourism operation

A

Environmental Damage Cost

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16
Q

Environmentally and socioculturally aware consumers who seek unique and authentic experiences when they travel.

A

Geotourists

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17
Q

A consumer whose behavior (including purchasing) is influenced by considerations of the environment implications of their actions.

A

Green Consumer

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18
Q

A membership-based organization dedicated to the objective of environmental and social sustainability in the global tourism and hospitality industry

A

Green Globe

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19
Q

Protected areas that comprise mainly sea or ocean, and are managed accordingly.

A

Marine Protected Areas

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20
Q

The process whereby a market is broken down into discrete market segments so that each segment can be reached through appropriate and effective target marketing

A

Market Segmentation

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21
Q

Subgroups within a market that are distinct insofar as members share certain traits or cluster of traits

A

Market Segment

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22
Q

Any type of tourism that relies mainly on attractions directly related to the natural environment.

A

Nature-based Tourism

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23
Q

A widely adopted protected area management tool that accommodates zones ranging from primitive to urban

A

Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS)

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24
An emerging form of ecotourism that emphasizes the attraction of environments that are in the process of restoration.
Restoration Ecotourism
25
Development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Sustainable Development WCED 1987
26
Tourism that adheres to the principle of sustainable development and to associated criteria of environmental, sociocultural and economic sustainability
Sustainable tourism
27
Sea, Sand and Sun or beach resort tourism
3S Tourism
28
A form of alternative tourism that encompasses a variety of activities in which the participating tourists receive no financial compensation in return for engaging organized activities that are environmentally and/or socioculturally beneficial to the host destination.
Volunteer tourism
29
A subset of nature-based tourism characterized by encounters with no-domestic animals in captive and non-captive settings
Wildlife tourism
30
Regulations that demarcate certain areas for different land uses, and the standards of development that apply to each of these areas.
Zoning
31
WCED
World Commission on the Environment and Development
32
Principles of Sustainability according to WCED
Holistic approach to planning and strategic action Conservation of the ecological processes Protection of human heritage and biodiversity Maintenance of productivity over the long term for future generations
33
People involved in maintenance of environment (aside from government agencies)
Community | Tourists
34
This is sustainable if it is carried out continuously overtime without reducing or diminishing the cultural and environmental values of destinations for the present and for future generations.
Sustainable Tourism
35
Sustainable development vs Sustainable Tourism
SD- Natural Resources | ST- Socio-Cultural and Environment
36
Triple Bottom Line of Sustainable Development (Full Integration- interrelated to each other)
Economic Social Environmental
37
Optimizes the growth rate of tourism measured in terms of revenue, infrastructure, etc. taking into account the limits of the environment within a destination area at a given time.
Economic Sustainability
38
Implies respect for the social and cultural identity of the host communities as well as generating opportunities to strengthen community pride, cohesiveness, and control over natural and cultural assets.
Socio-Cultural Sustainability
39
The environmental and ecological aspect of tourism can be sustained of the natural capital that supports the natural capital that supports the industry is properly managed and protected.
Environmental Sustainability
40
Types of Capital in the context of Sustainable Development:
``` Human Capital Manufactured Capital Environment or Natural Capital Socio-Organizational Capital Economic or Credit Capital ```
41
Pertains to the ecological goods and services from the natural systems or biogeochemical system
Environment or Natural Capital
42
Refers to the man-made capital such as tools, buildings and equipment
Manufactured Capital
43
Development above the ground
Superstructure
44
Development below the ground
Infrastructure
45
Include labor, health, knowledge, skills and motivations of individuals
Human capital
46
Consists of various dimensions of culture
Socio-Organizational Capital
47
Includes money and debts
Economic or Credit Capital
48
Principles of a Sustainable Development in General
``` Biodiversity Conservation Principle Equity Principle Precautionary Principle Economic Valuation Principle Global Dimension Principle ```
49
Refers to the maintenance of the natural system and the integrity of ecological processes.
Biodiversity Conservation Principle
50
Helps ensure that the biological components and the ecological processes on earth are maintained to sustain tourism development.
Biodiversity Conservation
51
Refers to the abundance and richness of plants and animals.
Biodiversity
52
Sharing of benefits and costs of development within (intra-) and between (inter-) generations regardless of the individual's income, class, race, age, gender and disability
Equity Principle
53
Three departments to equal participation/sharing profit
Private entity Government Community
54
Relevant to community based tourism, where the host communities need to be empowered in tourism planning and implementation.
Equity Principle
55
Rules on Social Equity
Treat all stakeholders in tourism fairly Ensure that local people do not compromise their social dignity and sense of cultural/national pride Implement fair trade in tourism Pay fair price for the holidays and other tourism goods and services Ensure that the benefits of tourisms are widely distributed among the host community
56
Focuses on the global impact caused by one of the few members of the society at the expense of the rest of the society
Global Dimension Principle
57
Refers to the proper and adequate pricing of environmental assets
Economic Valuation Principle
58
The basis for the issuance of regulatory measures to prevent environmental threats and irreversible problems
Precautionary Principle
59
This principle aims to protect future generations from the harm that the present generation would cause.
Precautionary Principle
60
Impacts of Tourism
Environment Socio-Cultural Economic
61
Positive Environment:
Conservation of natural area/biodiversity | Environment Protection
62
Negative Envitonment:
Deforestation and unsustainable use of land Construction and infrastructure development Marina development Energy Consumption Freshwater consumption
64
Positive Economic:
Government income/revenue Local income/revenue Employment opportunities Tourism development/investments
65
Zoning:
Tourist Zone Residential Zone Agricultural Zone Commercial Zone
66
Refers to the circulation of tourism revenue and thus, benefits derived from it. Multiplication of the income that comes from the tourists
Multiplier effect
67
Soil erosion, beach erosion, degradation of ecosystems, lose of biodiversity and detoriation of scenic beauty.
Construction and infrastructure development
68
Serious effects on biodiversity and culturally important and sacred places
Deforestation and unsustainable use of land
69
Destroy/disrupt marine biodiversity, natural wave patterns and coastal habitats
Marina development
70
Deprive neighboring villages of their daily services needs
Energy consumption
71
Freshwater resources of domestic and agricultural uses are reduced and/or depleted because of huge tourism demand
Freshwater consumption
72
Positive Socio-Cultural
``` Quality of life of local community Cultural exchange and understanding Human resource development Cultural pride Revitalization of culture and traditions Civic collaboration ```
73
Negative Outdoor Recreation:
``` Rudy walking Mountain climbing Wilderness camping Caving/Spelunking Wildlife watching Swimming Scuba diving ```
74
Degrade the natural environment through the proliferation and widening of nature trails and tracks.
Rush walking
75
Loss of vegetation cover, damage to and and loss of trees and shrubs, erosion and compact of top soil
Wilderness camping
76
Includes trekking, climbing and bird watching can put rare and unique species as risk of extinction
Mountain climbing
77
Disintegration of interior cave features, degradation of trails or pathways inside the caves, discoloration of cave features due to artificial lightning, mortality of cave fauna, loss of freshwater fauna
Caving/Spelunking
78
Water pollution
Swimming
79
Coral damage
Scuba diving
80
Disturbances on wildlife
Wildlife watching
81
Pollution problems linked to tourism
Water pollution Air and Noise pollution Solid Waste and Littering Aesthetic pollution
82
Damages wildlife, degrade ecosystem, carry water-borne microbes
Water pollution
83
More than 60% of air travel contributes to the release of pollution emissions.
Air and noise pollution
84
Negative Economic:
Seasonality and Vulnerability Economic leakage Loss of economic self-reliance Price hikes
85
Income generated from tourists expenditure which does not remain locally
LEAKAGE
86
3 seasons:
Peak season/High season Shoulder season/Mid season Lean season/Low season
87
Minimizing tourism leakage:
Encourage local ownership and management of tourism resources Support small and medium sized enterprises Encourage the utilization of locally available resources by tourist establishments Avoid all inclusive tourism packages marketed by foreigned-owned companies
88
Abandoning their local/traditional jobs
Loss of economic self-reliance
89
Trigger an increase of the prices of property and commodities because of high demand from tourists and the tourism industry
Price hikes
90
Negative Socio-Cultural:
``` Commodification Loss of authencity Conflict in the use of resources Sex tourism and prostitution Cultural detoriation Cultural differences and conflicts Crime and aggressive behavior ```
91
Cultural attractions are over-commercialized and traded as commodities
Commodification
92
Staged or contrived cultural performances and expressions do not represent honest and genuine aspects of local lifestyle, traditions and culture.
Loss of authencity
93
Competition for scarce resources between tourists and local residents is a major cause of social conflict and stress
Conflict in the use of resources
94
Vandalism, littering, pilferage and removal of cultural heritage items are inappropriate and illegal
Cultural detoriation
95
Behavioral responses to tourists by local residents are influenced qualitatively and quantitatively by the level of tourism development
Cultural differences and conflicts
96
Tourism can encourage the development of gambling and excessive alcohol consumption leading to negative changes in social behavior and community harmony.
Crime & Aggressive behavior

TM1101 (4 decks)

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