Preliminaries to prosecution I (arrest and detention) Flashcards
Will a person who has been arrested always be taken to a police station ASAPracticable?
Yes unless presence at another place necessary to carry out investigations that must be reasonably carried out immediately e.g. taken back to premises being searched or to a place to check their alibi
Can an arrested person be taken to any police station?
Yes unless it is anticipated they will be detained for over 6 hours - in which case they must be taken to a designated police station
What is ‘street bail’?
Instead of being taken to police station, person can be granted (conditional) bail to attend police station at later date
What happens to a detainee once they arrive at the police station?
- See custody officer who authorises detention
- Informd of rights
- Non-intimate samples taken
- See appropriate healthcare professional
- Speak to a solicitor at their request
- Be interviewed
What 3 different things might happen after the police interview (and suspect is not fully innocent)?
Detainee is…
- released under investigation or on police bail;
- charged and released on police bail to appear at Mags at later date; or
- charged and remanded in custody to appear at Mags following day
What is a custody officer (CO) responsible for and what must they (not) be?
- Responsible for welfare of suspects in detention at police station
- Must be unrelated to process of investigation
- Must be at least rank of sergeant
If the CO is not available = role may be performed by another officer who is not normally involved in the investigation of an offence for which the person is in detention.
What are the rankings of an officer?
- Constable
- Sergeant
- Inspector
- Chief Inspector
- Superintendent
- Chief Superintendent
Can
Someone
If possible
Come In
Speedily
Cos Sick
When should a CO order the release of a detainee?
If they become aware that grounds for detaining have ceased to exist (are the only person who can detain or release someone)
What is the first thing a CO will determine?
Whether or not there is sufficient evidence to proceed to charge the detainee
If there is not sufficient evidence to charge detainee, when can the detainee nonetheless not be released?
Where there are reasonable grounds for believing detention is necessary to:
- Secure or preserve evidence; or
- Obtain such evidence by questioning
If there are grounds to detain, what must CO do re the detention and what must they inform detainee of?
- Authorise detention of suspect and open custody record
- Inform detainee of reason for arrest/detention and of rights
Additional duties include:
* Conducting a risk assessment procedure for each detainee.
* Making special arrangements, if necessary, for detainees who may be physically or mentally incapacitated.
* Arranging for interpreters to be present, where appropriate.
* Dealing with a detainee’s property.
* Contacting healthcare professionals, if needed.
If detainee is not treated in accordance with Codes of Practice, what does the CO risk?
The exclusion of evidence
What kind of detainee is a custody record opened for and what should it include?
- Each detainee whether arrested or they surrender (to bail)
- Includes reason for and circumstances of arrest
I.e. everything that has happened, been said to or been said by detainee
What right does the solicitor have on attending the police station re the custody record?
The right to consult it whenever after arrival
Solicitor = a solicitor who holds a current practising certificate or an accredited or probationary representative included on the register of representatives maintained by the Legal Aid Agency.
What does a review officer do, what rank must they be, what must they not be connected with and who must they not be the same person as?
- Considers whether grounds for detention (as authorised by CO) still exist
- Must be rank of at least inspector
- Not connected with investigation
- Not the CO
How often must reviews take place?
- First = not more than 6 hours after detention first authorised
- Every 9 hours thereafter
What must detainee be reminded of and given the opportunity to do at each review?
- Reminded of right to free legal advice
- Given opportunty to make representations (unless unfit/asleep)
What is the maximum period that suspect can be kept in custody without being charged and when does this start?
After expiry - suspect must be either charged or released
- 24 hours from relevant time
- Relevant time = moment suspect arrives at police station (not when authorised) where arrest takes place within particular police area (otherwise 24 hours after arrest)
Do not confuse the relevant time with the time detention is authorised as they will generally be different.
By how much can detention be extended by police?
I.e. by police; no court involvement
Extended by 12 hours (taking max period up to 36 hours)
What is the criteria for extending detention by 12 hours (to 36 hours)?
Rank…reasonable grounds…offence is…investigation conducted…
- Authorised by at least superintendent
- SI has reasonable grounds for believing detention necessary to secure/preserve evidence or obtain evidence by questioning
- Offence is indictable offence
- Investigation conducted diligently and expeditiously
What are the practicalities on exercising extension of detention by 12 hours?
Before…explained…representations
- Authorisation given before expiry of initial 24 hours and after 2nd review
- Grounds for extension explained to the suspect and noted in custody record
- Suspect(‘s solicitor) allowed opportunity to make representations
How do police extend detention beyond 36 hours and what is the maximum?
- Apply to magistrates’ for warrant of further detention
- Maximum of 96 hours (36 on first app and 24 on second)
- 24 hours originally (24)
- Extend by 12 (36)
- Extend by 36 on first application (72)
- Extend by 24 on second application (96)
What is the criteria for an extension of time on application to mags?
Same as before - reasonable grounds further detention necessary, indictable offence, diligent and expeditious investigation…
How is time extended for a summary only offence?
It cannot be
What are the rights of a person who is arrested/attends police station voluntarily? When can they be excercised?
- Consult privately with solicitor + availability of free independent legal advice (s58)
- Have someone informed of arrest (s56)
- Consult with Codes of Practice
Exercised at any stage during custody period - but can be delayed!