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Radthera > Prelim Topic 1 > Flashcards

Prelim Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Discovered x-ray while expermenting on a cathode ray tube on Nov. 8, 1895

A

Wilhelm conrad roentgen

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2
Q

suggested they used in the treatment of disease; also first successful treatment of lupus vulgaris and in what year?

A

Leopold freund and eduard schiff, january 1896

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3
Q

What year and who treated px with advance breast CA

A

January 1896, emil grubbe

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4
Q

The first diagnostic x-ray was taken at __ in __.

A

Darmouth college, february 1896

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5
Q

__ – __ and__ did a successful treatment of lupus erythematosus

A

1898 schiff and freund

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6
Q

__ - __ reported first CA cured by radiation, a basal cell cancer of the nose

A

1899, Thor stenbeck

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7
Q

__- __ due to large, single dose treatment from low energy beam; causes burns (erythema)

A

1890, less skin sparing

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8
Q

__- __ observed 1st physiological effect of radium

A

1890, Otto walkhoff

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9
Q

__- __, had placed a tube of radium in his pocket, where it had remained for several hours; a week or two after which there was a severe inflammation of his skin underneath where the radium had been kept

A

1901, henri becquerel

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10
Q

Law of Bergonie and Tribondea in what year?

A

1906

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11
Q

In what year did __ and __ developed and patented __

A

1911, bela augustin and a. De szendeffy, dioradin

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12
Q

__ – __ and __ – implemented fractionated radiation therapy for advanced laryngeal carcinoma

A

1920’s, Regaud and Henri Coutard

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13
Q

__ – __ units leading to effective skin sparing effect

A

1951, Co-60

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14
Q

What year was Medical linacs were used?

A

1950

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15
Q

What year was Mv linacs used?

A

1960

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16
Q

__ - __ combined surgery and moderate-dose radiation therapy became the standard treatment approach of locally advanced head and neck CA

A

1960, gilbert fletcher

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17
Q

What year was Ct simulators used?

A

1980

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18
Q

Also known as radiation oncology, tumors or lesions is treated with cancercidal dose of ionizing radiation as prescribed by radiation oncologist, the goal of treatment are to precisely deliver the cancercidal dose of radiation to the tumor but to limit as much as possible the dose of radiation received by normal noncancerous tissue.

A

Radiation therapy

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19
Q

Dose of radiation that result in the death of cancer cells.

A

Cancercidal dose

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20
Q

General objectives of radiation therapy

A

To deliver maximum dose to the tumor while giving the minimum dose to the surrounding normal tissues or cells

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21
Q

Aims of radiation therapy

A

Curative – to cure
Prophylactic – to prevent distant metastases
Palliative – to prolong the life of the patient and provide the best quality of life.

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22
Q

Transmissions of cells or group of cells from primary tumor to site/s elsewhere in the body.

A

Metastases

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23
Q

4 specific modes of treatment

A

Surgery, radthera, cytotoxic drugs, and hormone treatment

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24
Q

(sometimes known as antineoplastics) describe a group of medicines that contain chemicals which are toxic to cells, preventing their replication or growth, and so are used to treat cancer. They can also be used to treat a number of other disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

A

Cytotoxic drugs

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25
Q

is used to treat cancers that use hormones to grow, such as some prostate and breast cancers

A

Hormone therapy

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26
Q

Two main reasons of hormone therapy

A

Treat cancer and ease cancer symptoms

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27
Q

Classifications of treatment

A

Radical and palliative

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28
Q

(Multiple beam radiation) the attempt, heroic, if necessary, to remove all malignancy present

A

Radical

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29
Q

(simple) – if radical treatment is thought to be impossible, the aim is to relieve symptoms.

A

Palliative

30
Q

Study of tumor

A

Oncology

31
Q

Doctor of med specializing in the study of tumor

A

Oncologist

32
Q

Med specialty involving the treatment of cancerous lesion using ionizing radiation

A

Radiation oncology

33
Q

Doctor of medicine specializing in use of ionizing radiation in the treatment of disease and prescribe quantity of radiation and determine the anatomic region/s to be treated

A

Radiation oncologist

34
Q

is responsible for calibration and maintenance of the radiation-producing equipment. The physicist also advises the physician about dosage calculation and complex treatment technique.

A

Medical physicist

35
Q

The person responsible for the calculation of the proper radiation treatment dose who assist the radiation oncologist in designing the individual treatment plans. Devises a plan for delivering the treatments in a manner to best meet the physician’s goals of irradiating the tumor while protecting vital normal structures.

A

Medical dosimetrist

36
Q

person trained to assist and take directions from radiation oncologist in the use of ionizing radiation for the treatment of disease. Is responsible for obtaining radiograph that localize the area to be treated, administering the treatment, keeping the accurate record of the dose delivered each day and monitors the patient’s physical and emotional being.

A

Radiation therapist

37
Q

Educating patient about potential radiation side effects and assisting patients with the management of the side effects.

A

Oncology nurse

38
Q

Organs as in the heart muscle when the heart has to work against increased resistance

A

Hyperthrophy

39
Q

Cells are more numerous and more tightly packed with high incidence of mitosis

A

Hyperplasia

40
Q

Replacement of cell type not normally present in an organ

A

Metaplasia

41
Q

Means swelling and was orginally used for enlargement due to injury, inflammation etc

A

Neoplasia

42
Q

Two broad classification of neoplasms or tumors

A

Beign or simple and malignant/cancerous

43
Q

are universal since they include the common birthmarks. They are harmless and their growth is strictly localized and/or never widespread.

A

Benign or simple

44
Q

cancers; treatment must aim destruction of every cancer cell or the abolition of their capacity to reproduce. They have the power of “invasion”.

A

Malignant/cancerous

45
Q

Types of carcinogens

A

Chronic irritation, radiation, infections, hormones, worms and viruses

46
Q

is a substance, organism or agent capable of causing cancer. __ may occur naturally in the environment (such as ultraviolet rays in sunlight and certain viruses) or may be generated by humans (such as automobile exhaust fumes and cigarette smoke).

A

Carcinogens

47
Q

Metastases- spread of cancer may occur in several ways:

A

Local invasions, by lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, across cavities

48
Q

Staging adopted are the ff

A

Stage 1: tumor confined to organ of origin, stage 2: local lymph nodes invaded stage 3: distant nodes invaded or local spread beyon organ or orgin stage 4: blood borne metastases present

49
Q

Another system of staging used internationally

A

T-local extensions of primary tumor
N- conditions of regional lymph nodes
M- presence of metastases beyon regional lymph nodes

50
Q

Divisions of cancer

A

Carcinoma, sarcoma, reticulosis

51
Q

it is the largest and most important group of cancers. It is applied to malignancies arising in surface (epithelial) tissues. Spread from carcinoma is commonly to regional lymph nodes and also via blood, lungs, liver, brain etc.

A

Carcinoma

52
Q

greek word for “flesh”, after the fleshy appearance of many tumors. Spread of __ are usually blood-borne to lungs

A

Sarcoma

53
Q

this system is a widespread group which include the blood forming bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and parts of the liver and thymus

A

Reticulosis

54
Q

Chest film, blood and urine exams

A

Periodical examination

55
Q

Cervical smear (paps smear) test, sputum sample

A

Cytological examination

56
Q

Chest film, barium meal, mammography

A

Radiological examination

57
Q

Thermography, radioactive isotopes, biochemical and hormonal exams, nucmed diagnostic test, and UTS

A

Highly specialized technique

58
Q

Examination from the sample of tumor

A

Biopsy

59
Q

Histopathological report

A

Biopsy report

60
Q

Reticulosis – (e.g. lymphosarcoma, leukemia, Hodgkin’s (tumor of lymph nodes: a malignant form of lymphoma)
Medulloblastoma
Neuroblastoma – associated with childhood cancer that occurs in nervous system; 2nd most common form of CA in children
Nephroblastoma

A

Highly sensitive

61
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma
Epithelial Carcinoma (e.g. skin, cervix, mouth etc) Carcinoma of the breast, lung, ovary.

A

Sensitive

62
Q

Sarcoma (e.g. Osteosarcoma, Fibrosarcoma) b. Malignant melanoma
Glioma – Brain or spinal cord tumor
Carcinoma of rectum, kidneys

A

Poorly sensitive

63
Q

Surgical treatment of choice
Stomach-
Wilm’s tumor-
Fibrosarcoma-
Testis

A

(intestines, colon, rectum, kidneys, etc)

– in association of radiation of chemotherapy Bone

– malignant tumor of connective tissues Melanoma

– orchidectomy

64
Q

Radiation treatment of choice

A

Mouth – (e.g. lip, tongue, cheek etc)
Skin - except melanoma
Uterus – cervix
Bladder – except stage 1 growths Larynx – vocal cords
Testis
Medulloblastoma – after surgical exploration; exploratory laparotomy
Lymphomas – Hodgkin’s and other (cytotoxic very often useful to alternative, especially in late stages and leukemia’s)

65
Q

Cytotoxic drugs treatment of choice

A

Acute Leukemia
Choriocarcinoma
Burkitt’s Lymphoma – cancer affecting white blood cells; associated with a virus spread by insects

66
Q

2 types of radiation therapy

A

External beam radiation therapy and brachytherapy

67
Q

radiation source is at far distance from the body

A

Teletherapy

68
Q

Uses radioactive substances which are applied directly within or near the tumor

A

Brachytherapy

69
Q

3 kinds of brachytherapy/plesiotherapy

A

Interstial brachytherapy, intracavitary brachytherapy, intraluminal brachytherapy

70
Q

Radioactive substance are implanted in the tumor

A

Interstitial brachytherapy

71
Q

Radioactive substance is applied through body cavity by means of a tube such as those px with gynecological CA

A

Intracavitary brachytherapy

72
Q

Source is applied through tubular organs

A

Intraluminal brachytherapy

Radthera (5 decks)

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