(Prelim) States of Matter

Question 1

Manifestations of Intermolecular forces:

Answer 1

• Repulsive and Attractive forces
• Adhesion –attraction of unlike molecules
• Cohesion –attraction of like molecules

Question 2

attraction of like molecules

Answer 2

Cohesion

Question 3

attraction of unlike molecules

Answer 3

Adhesion

Question 4

necessary in order that molecules cohere/adhere

Answer 4

Attractive forces

Question 5

necessary in order that the molecules do not
interpenetrate one another.

Answer 5

Repulsive forces

Question 6

due to the interpenetration of the electronic clouds of molecules and increases exponentially with a decrease in distance between the molecules.

Answer 6

Repulsion

Question 7

At certain equilibrium distance, about ________________, the repulsive and attractive forces are equal

Answer 7

3 or 4x10-8 cm (3 or 4angstroms)

Question 8

• Attraction between nonpolar
  molecules
• Weakest

Answer 8

London Forces

Question 9

Attractions occur between nonpolar molecules and ions.

Answer 9

Ion-induced dipole forces

Question 9

Types of Intermolecular Forces

Answer 9

1. Van der Waals Forces
2. Ion-induced dipole forces
3. Ion-Dipole Forces
4. Hydrogen Bonding
5. Hydrophobic Interactions

Question 10

• Orientation Effect
• Attraction between polar molecules
• Strongest

Answer 10

Keesom Forces

Question 10

3 Van der Waals Forces

Answer 10

• Keesom Forces
• Debye Forces
• London Forces

Question 11

• Induction effect
• Attraction between nonpolar and
  polar molecules

Answer 11

Debye Forces

Question 12

involved in the formation of the iodide
complex

Answer 12

Ion-induced dipole forces

Question 13

These types of interactions account in
part for the solubility of ionic crystalline substances in water

Answer 13

Ion-induced dipole forces

Question 14

Attractions occur between polar
molecules and ions.

Answer 14

Ion-Dipole Forces

Question 14

Because of the small size of hydrogen
atom, it can move in close to the electronegative atom and form an electrostatic type of union known as hydrogen bond or hydrogen bridge.

Answer 14

Hydrogen Bonding

Question 15

It is a special type of dipole-dipole in which hydrogen is bonded to an electronegative element.

Answer 15

Hydrogen Bonding

Question 15

Forces of attraction between non
polar atoms and molecules in water.

Answer 15

Hydrophobic Interactions

Question 16

It can exist as Intramolecular and Intermolecular forces of attraction.

Answer 16

Hydrogen Bonding

Question 17

liquid to solid

Answer 17

freezing

Question 17

• Strongest
• Definite
• Definite
• Vibration

Answer 17

Solid

Question 17

They cause the nonpolar species to
be driven together and are critical for
the structure and stabilization of
many molecules including proteins
(with non-polar amino acids) and
aggregates of amphiphiles.

Answer 17

Hydrophobic Interactions

Question 18

Phases/States

Answer 18

Solid
Liquid
Gas

Question 19

* Melting/fusion * Evaporation * Condensation * Freezing * Sublimation * Deposition

Answer 19

Physical Changes

Question 19

- Strong - Definite - Indefinite - Gliding/flowing

Answer 19

Liquid

Question 19

- Weakest - Indefinite - Indefinite - Constant random motion

Answer 19

Gas

Question 20

gas to solid

Answer 20

deposition

Question 21

solid to liquid

Answer 21

melting

Question 22

solid to gas

Answer 22

sublimation

Question 23

gas to liquid

Answer 23

condensation

Question 24

liquid to gas

Answer 24

evaporation

Question 25

* Higher kinetic energy * Held together by weak intermolecular forces. * Have no regular shape. * Compressible * Invisible

Answer 25

Characteristics of Gases

Question 26

7 Gas Laws

Answer 26

1. Boyle’s Law 2. Charles’s Law 3. Gay-Lusaac’s Law 4. Combined Gas Law 5. Ideal Gas Law 6. Avogadro’s Law 7. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

Question 27

states that the pressure and absolute temperature of a given mass of a gas at constant volume are directly proportional

Answer 27

Gay-Lusaac’s Law

Question 28

relates the volume and pressure of a given mass of gas at constant temperature.

Answer 28

Boyle’s Law

Question 29

states that the volume and absolute temperature of a given mass of a gas at constant pressure are directly proportional.

Answer 29

Charles’s Law

Question 30

the summary of the relationship of the three gas laws presented earlier.

Answer 30

Combined Gas Law

Question 31

infinite volume = non-attracting molecules

Answer 31

Ideal Gas Law

Question 32

universal gas constant

Answer 32

0.08205 𝑳*𝒂𝒕𝒎/𝒎𝒐𝒍*𝑲

Question 33

𝑉= n

Answer 33

Avogadro’s Law

Question 34

The total pressure (Pt) is the sum of the individual partial pressure of each component in the system.

Answer 34

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

Question 34

1 mole =

Answer 34

6.02 x 1023

Question 35

The theory was developed to explain the behavior of gases and supported the validity of the gas laws

Answer 35

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Question 36

Gases are composed of particles called molecules, the total volume of which is so small as to be negligible in relation to the volume of the space in which the molecules are confined

Answer 36

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Question 37

The particles of the gas do not attract one another but rather move with complete independence

Answer 37

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Question 38

The particles exhibit continuous random motion owing the kinetic energy. The average kinetic energy is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas.

Answer 38

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Question 38

composed of particles called molecules

Answer 38

Gases

Question 39

The molecules exhibit perfect elasticity, that is, there is no net loss of speed after they collide with one another and with the walls of the confining vessel, which latter effect accounts for the gas pressure. Although the net velocity, and therefore the average kinetic energy, does not change in collision, the speed and energy of the individual molecules may differ widely at any instant.

Answer 39

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Question 40

have low internal pressures and are not able to over come the powerful cohesive forces of the polar solvent molecules.

Answer 40

Nonpolar molecules

Question 40

type of matter with specific properties that make it less rigid than a solid but more rigid than a gas.

Answer 40

Liquid State

Question 40

have high internal pressures and serve as solvents only for substances of similar internal pressures

Answer 40

Polar liquids

Question 41

maximum temperature, above which a liquid can no longer exist

Answer 41

Critical Temperature

Question 42

critical temperature of water:__________; critical pressure: __________

Answer 42

374°C or 647°K; 218 atm

Question 43

pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature, which is also the highest vapor pressure that the liquid can have.

Answer 43

Critical Pressure