Prelim - Module 1-3 Flashcards
It enables to identify hazards
Safety
ICAO acronym meaning
International Civil Aviation Organization
Objects or situations that could bring danger
Hazard
True or False:
The aviation industry is striving because it is the safest mode of transportation
TRUE
A state or condition in which the risk or harm to persons or property damaged is reduced to and maintained.
Safety
Possibility of harm and damage.
Risk
The level of acceptable risk
Reduced damage
True or False:
Failures will not occur if there are accomplished prevention efforts.
FALSE (failures will ALWAYS occur)
True or False:
Controlled risk and controlled error are acceptable in an inherently safe system.
TRUE
It is a condition, subject to change.
Safety
What year did the Ulu aircraft hijacking occur?
1978
What year did the Lockerbie Bombing occur?
1980
When did the Shoe Bomb attempt happen?
December 22, 2001
What year did the Box Cutter 9/11 occur?
2001
Evolution of Safety:
1950’s - danger is caused by unimproved technology
Technical Factors
Evolution of Safety:
What year are the Technical Factors?
1950
Evolution of Safety:
1970’s - danger is caused by quality management
Human Factors
Evolution of Safety:
What year are Human Factors?
1970
Evolution of Safety:
1990’s - organizations are involved when accidents happen.
Organizational Factors
Who stated that accidents are not caused by a single factor but a chain of events?
Professor James Reason
What did Professor James Reason state?
Accidents are caused by a chain of events.
Who proposed the Accident Causation?
Professor James Reason
Components or Organization:
Management decision and organizational process.
Organization
Components or Organization:
Working conditions
Workplace
Components or Organization:
Errors and violations
People
Components or Organization:
Technology, training, and regulations
Defences
Components or Organization:
The outcome or the result of events
Accident
Components or Organization:
The latent conditions trajectory
- Organization
- Workplace
- People
- Defences
Layers of failure and layers of defences
Swiss Cheese Model
Who developed the Swiss Cheese Model?
Professor James Reason
What did Professor James Reason develop?
Swiss Cheese Model
Swiss Cheese Model:
Fails, flaws, and deficiencies
Holes
These are:
- Poor design
- Procedures
- Poor ethical behaviors
- Decisions
Latent Conditions
They have direct control, planning maker, and they allocate resources and funds
Organization
The process in which can contribute to stopping or preventing an accident
Organizational Process
A negative condition that is already present in the system
Latent Conditions
Organizational Process:
____ latent conditions
Identify
Organizational Process:
____ defences
Reinforce
Organizational Process:
____ workplace conditions
Improve
Organizational Process:
____ active failures
Contain
Actions or inactions which have an immediate adverse effect
Active Failure
Active failure is caused by ___ factor
Human
It consists of different parts to achieve your goal
Complex
A complex system that requires an assessment of the human contribution to safety
Aviation System
An understanding of how human performance may be affected by its multiple and interrelated components.
People, Context, and Safety
Complexity affects the ____
Human Force
Used to help visualize the interrelationships among various components and features of the aviation system
Shell Model
The interrelationship between human factors and the aviation environment.
Shell Model
Emphasize the individual and the human’s interfaces with the other components and features of the aviation system.
Shell Model
Shell Model:
These are the documents manuals
Software
Shell Model:
Rules and Regulations
Standard Operating Procedure
Software
Shell Model:
Training and checklists
Software
Shell Model:
The support system workplace that supports to make our work efficient and safe.
Software
Shell Model:
Tools and equipment
Hardware
Shell Model:
Any tangible
Hardware
Shell Model:
Physical elements
Hardware
True or False:
We can do trial and error in aviation
FALSE (we can’t)
Shell Model:
If the ____ is not conducive, human factors will enter
Environment
Shell Model:
If the environment is not conducive, ____will enter
Human Factor
Shell Model:
It includes weather
Environment
Shell Model:
It is the organization’s responsibility to provide this
Safe and reliable environment
Shell Model:
Human aspect of the system
Liveware
Shell Model:
Maintenance, operator, designers, technician, flight crews, engineers, management, administration
Liveware
Shell Model:
Maintenance, operator, designers, technician, flight crews, engineers, management, administration
Liveware
Shell Model:
It must be designed to assist the human to work properly
Liveware
Shell Model:
The software, hardware, and environment assists this
Liveware
Shell Model:
People to people relationship
Liveware (bottom)
True or False:
The causes and consequences of operational errors are linear in their magnitude
FALSE (not linear)
True or False:
To achieve the goal, we must do well to interconnect the components.
TRUE
A mismatch between the liveware to any of the factors can lead to ____
Accidents or sloppy performance
Considered as a key safety resource
Humans
Susceptible to making errors and breaking rules
Humans
An action or inaction that leads to deviations from organizational person’s intentions or expectations
Error
Involuntary actions
Error
Categories of Errors
Slips and Lapses
Mistakes
Category of Error:
Do not go as planned
Slips and Lapses
Category of Error:
Memory failures
Slips and Lapses
Category of Error:
Decision making failure
Mistakes
It must be put into place to control or eliminate errors
Safety Strategies
Safety Strategy:
Provide direct intervention to reduce or eliminate the factors contributing to the error
Reduction Strategy
Safety Strategy:
Simulators and training
Reduction Strategy
Safety Strategy:
The intent is to capture the error before any adverse consequences of the error are felt
Capturing Strategy
Safety Strategy:
Checklist
Capturing Strategy
Safety Strategy:
Refer to the ability of a system to accept that an error will be made but without experiencing serious consequences.
Tolerance Strategy
Safety Strategy:
Even damage is present the aircraft will still work
Tolerance Strategy
Safety Strategy:
Redundancy or backup
Tolerance Strategy
Safety Strategy:
Structural Inspection
Tolerance Strategy
A deliberate act of willful misconduct or omission resulting in a deviation from established regulations, procedures, norms, or practice.
Violation
Voluntary actions
Violation
Voluntary actions
Violation
Categories of Violations
Situational and Routine
Category of Violation:
- Time pressure
- Workload
- To force finish the work
Situational Violations
Category of Violation:
Norm in workplace
Routine Violations
Category of Violation:
No immediate negative effect happens
Routine Violations
Who was responsible for Ulu aircraft hijacking
Aarno Lamminparas
Who was responsible for Shoe bomb attempt
Richard Reid
