Midterm - Module 1 and 2 Flashcards
Even though different terms are used to define human factors, it still has _____.
one thought
Understanding human behavior and their performance.
Human Factor
Multidisciplinary fields incorporating contributions from psychology, engineering, industrial design, statistics, operations, research, and anthropometry.
Human Factors Science or Technologies
Covers the science of understanding the properties of human capability, the application of this understanding to the design, development, and deployment of systems and services.
Human Factor
The art of ensuring successful application of human factor principles into the maintenance working environment.
Human Factor
We need to study this because most of the time circumstances occur due to human performance and human decisions.
Human Factor
When did Human Factors start?
The early 1900s
Aircraft ___ began to consider aircraft compatibility with humans.
designers
Aircraft designers began to consider aircraft compatibility with ____.
humans
Aircraft designers began to consider aircraft ____ with humans.
compatibility
What did the military researchers look at concerning pilots?
Medical Factors
When did governments mass produce military aircraft?
World War II
What did the government mass produce during World War II?
Military Aircrafts
Aircraft compatibility with humans. (Year)
1900s
Control design and instrument layout for compatibility with pilots. (Year)
1920s - 1940s
What factors did the engineers need to consider in mass-producing a military aircraft?
Control design and instrument layout for compatibility with pilots.
What law did the US Government pass?
Aviation Safety Act
When did the US Government law pass?
1988
Why did the FAA conduct research on Human Factors in Aviation?
Because of the Aviation Safety Act
Why did the FAA conduct research on factors related to aviation maintenance personnel?
Because of the Aviation Safety Act
More prone to latent accidents or errors.
Mechanics
Mechanics are more prone to?
Latent Accidents and Errors
Pilots are more prone to?
Active Failures
More prone to active failures.
Pilots
Aviation Safety heavily relies on ___.
Miantenance
____ heavily relies on maintenance.
Aviation Safety
The ability of the aircraft to travel from point A to point B.
Airworthiness
Human Factors (enumerate)
- Personal life problems
- Repetitive jobs
- Poor instructions
- Poor training
- Poor communication
- Lack of equipment and tools
- Poor training
Element of HF:
The mental well-being of the individual
Clinical Psychology
Element of HF:
Connected to physical health.
Clinical Psychology
Element of HF:
Medicine intake.
Clinical Psychology
Element of HF:
Alcohol intake.
Clinical Psychology
Element of HF:
An organized approach to the study of work.
Industrial Engineering
Element of HF:
The study on how people learn and design the methods and materials.
Educational Psychology
Element of HF:
Concerned with relations between people and work.
Organizational Psychology
Element of HF:
The Science and Art of healing (physical well-being).
Medical Science
Element of HF:
The study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems.
Computer Science
Element of HF:
The study of minds as information processors.
Cognitive Science
Element of HF:
Designs and plans relevant to safety
Safety Engineering
Element of HF:
The study of the dimensions and abilities of the human body.
Anthropometrics
To attain Job Satisfaction:
- Peer recognition
- Benefits/incentives
- Personal standards
Meaning of acronym PEAR
People
Environment
Actions
Resources
Similar to Shell Model
Pear Model
More simplified than Shell Model
Pear Model
Co-developed by Dr. Bill Johnson
Pear Model
Who co-developed Pear Model
Dr. Bill Johnson
Summarized all factors that should be in place to achieve safety and better performance.
Pear Model
Memory aid for explaining the actions of aviation personnel as they interact with hardware, procedures, test equipment, environmental factors, and other people as they perform maintenance duties.
Pear Model
Makes recognition and mitigation of human factors even easier.
Pear Model
Used as a memory device for over a decade to characterize the human factor in aviation maintenance.
Pear Model
It prompts to recall of the four-importance consideration for human factor programs.
Pear Model
Four human factor programs.
People
Environment
Action
Resources
PEAR:
Who does the job?
People
PEAR:
Workforce
People
PEAR:
Components of People
Physical
Psychological
Physiological
Psychosocial
PEAR:
Components of People
Physical size, sex, age, strength, sensory limitations
Physical
PEAR:
Components of People
Nutritional factors, health, lifestyle, fatigue, chemical dependency
Psychological
PEAR:
Components of People
Workload, experience, knowledge, training, attitude, mental or emotional state
Physiological
PEAR:
Components of People
Interpersonal conflicts
Psychosocial
PEAR:
In which they work
Environment
PEAR:
Components of Environment
Physical and Organizational
PEAR:
Components of Environment
o Weather
o Location inside or outside
o Workspace
o Shift
Physical
PEAR:
Components of Environment
o Lighting
o Sound level
o Safety
o Tangible components
Physical
PEAR:
Components of Environment
o Personnel
o Supervision
o Labor-management relations
o Pressures
Organizational
PEAR:
Components of Environment
o Crew structure
o Size of company
o Profitability
o Morale
Organizational
PEAR:
Components of Environment
o Profitability
o Morale
o Corporate culture
o Management side
Organizational
PEAR:
They perform
Action
PEAR:
• Necessary to analyze to complete the job
• Knowing the objectives of the job
• Steps to perform a task
Action
PEAR:
• Sequence of activity
• Number of people involved
• Information control requirements
Action
PEAR:
• Knowledge requirements
• Skill requirements
• Attitude requirements
Action
PEAR:
• Attitude requirements
• Certification requirements
• Inspection requirements
Action
PEAR:
Planning stage on how to do and complete a job
Action
PEAR:
Necessary to complete the job
Resources
PEAR:
Can be both tangible and less tangible
Resources
PEAR:
Any component that can be needed or can support to complete the job
Resources
PEAR: • Procedures/work cards • Technical manuals • Other people • Test equipment
Resources
PEAR: • Tools • Computers/software • Paperwork/sign-offs • Ground handling equipment
Resources
PEAR: • Work stands and lifts • Fixtures • Materials • Task lighting
Resources
PEAR: • Materials • Task lighting • Training • Quality systems
Resources
Twelve primary contributing factors that cause human errors and affect human performance.
Dirty Dozen
Human factors that degrade people’s ability to perform effectively and safely which could lead to maintenance errors.
Dirty Dozen
Were adopted by the aviation industry as a straightforward means to discuss human error in maintenance.
Dirty Dozen
Maintenance-related aviation accidents occurred during what years?
Late 1980s and early 1990s
Who identified twelve human factors?
Transport Canada
Identified by Transport Canada
12 Human factors
Dirty Dozen
Dirty Dozen:
Failure to transmit, receive or provide enough information to complete a task.
Lack of Communication
Dirty Dozen:
Only 30% of verbal communication is received and understood by either side in a conversation. Others usually remember the first and last part of what you say.
Lack of Communication
Dirty Dozen:
Overconfidence from repeated experience performing a task.
Complacency
Dirty Dozen:
Shortage of the training, information, and/or ability to successfully perform.
Lack of Knowledge
Dirty Dozen:
Avoidance of being a know-it-all
Lack of Knowledge
Dirty Dozen:
Anything that draws your attention away from the task at hand.
Distraction
Dirty Dozen:
The #1 cause of forgetting things, including what has or has not been done in a maintenance task.
Distraction
Dirty Dozen:
Safety net: always use or refer to your checklist, go back 3 steps when proceeding after distraction.
Distraction
Dirty Dozen:
Failure to work together to complete a shared goal.
Lack of Teamwork
Dirty Dozen:
Lack of communication can occur.
Lack of Teamwork
Dirty Dozen:
Physical or mental exhaustion threatens work performance.
Fatigue
Dirty Dozen:
Not having enough people, equipment, documentation, time, parts, etc. to complete a task.
Lack of Resources
Dirty Dozen:
Real or perceived forces demanding high-level job performance.
Pressure
Dirty Dozen:
Failure to speak up or document concerts about instructions, orders, or the actions of others.
Lack of Assertiveness
Dirty Dozen:
A physical, chemical, or emotional factor that causes physical or mental tension
Stress
Dirty Dozen:
Safety net: take a break when needed, do not stress yourself more.
Stress
Dirty Dozen:
Happens with a lack of alertness
Lack of Awareness
Dirty Dozen:
Failure to recognize a situation, understand what it is, and predict the possible results.
Lack of Awareness
Dirty Dozen:
Expected, yet unwritten, rules of behavior.
Norms
Dirty Dozen:
Inevitable to be adapted.
Norms
Dirty Dozen:
Safety net: stick to the regulations and proper procedures.
Norms
In everything you do everyone’s ____must be kept in mind.
safety
In ____ you do everyone’s (yourself, others, the aircraft itself) safety must be kept in mind.
everything
When did the US Air Force conduct experiments evaluating human personalities?
1950
Who conducted experiments that evaluate human personalities to better match people to their military job assignment?
US Air Force
___ them before it creates an accident.
Address
Address them before it creates an ____.
accident
