(PRELIM) Long Quiz Flashcards
What are the 4 primary tissue types
- Epithelium
- connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
It is formed from primary tissues, function as parts of organ systems
Organ
It is closed packed cells, minimal extracellular fluid, lacked of bood vessels and nerve endings
Epithelium
2 Types of epithelium
Simple and stratified
single layer cell
Simple epithelia
Flattened cells
Squamous
Equal in height and width
Cuboidal
greater in height and width
Columnar
Give example of squamous epthelia in simple epithelium
Inner linings of blood vessels and heart
Alveolar walls in the lungs
Renal glomeruli and tubules
Example of cuboidal epithelia in simple
Kidney tubules
Secretory celss of many glands
Example of columnar in simple
Inner lining of the:
- stomach
- intestines
- gall bladder
Two or more cell layers
Stratified epithelium
example of squamous in stratified
-keratinized and non-keratinized peitheliun of the skin
- lining of oral cavity and esophagus
Typically lines blood vessels and body cavities and regulates the passage of substances into the underlying tissue
Simple squamous
Typically found in granular ( secreting) tissue and kidney tubules. Its major function are absorption and secretion
Simple cuboidal
secretion, excretion, and absorption. theses cells are found in cornea, inner ear, and nose
Simple columnar
protection against microorganisms from invading underlying tissue or protection against water los
Stratified Squamous
the outer layer of skin (epdermis) is made of these tissues
Stratified Squamous
Usually less common and is found on the salivary glands. It is for protection, excretion, and secretion
Stratified cuboidal
Mainly for the protection of underlying tissues with multiple layers of epithelium cells. They also perform secretion
Stratified columnar
Single layer cell, Thin and flat
Simple squamous
single layer cell and has a cube shape
simple cuboidal
Single layer cell which s tall and slender with oval shaped nucleus
Simple columnar
flat cells that are layered or stacked on top of each other
Stratified squamous
Consists of many layers of cells and cube shaped cells on the outer
stratified cuboidal
Column shaped cells arrange in multiple layers
stratified columnar
it maintains the structural integrity of the body; composed of cells and matrix
Connective tissue
It is the extracellular component, containing collagen and elastin fibers
Matrix
6 cells types
- fibrobalsts
- fibrocytes
- lymphocytes
- macrophages
- Mast cells
- adipocytes
it profuce fibers and matrix large, ireegularly shaped, abundant cytoplasm, ovoid nucleus
Fibroblasts
inactive form of fibroblasts, can revert to fibroblasts smaller and thinner than fibroblasts
Fibrocytes
small cells with large nuclei, they enter the conncetive tissue from the blood and accumulate in the tissue in pathologic conditions
Lymphocytes
Large, irregularly shaped cells, they enter from blood phagocytotic activity (scavengers) they migrate easily in the connective tissue
Macrophages
Large round cells, their cytoplasm is rich om large, bluish round granules which often obscure the nucleus; they enter form bood
Mast cells
a large, bluish round granules
Basophil granulocytes
They contain a large, single Lipid droplet; nucleus is oval compressed against the cell membrane
Adipocytes
They make ups most of the fibrous component, generally appear in bundles, they do not branch
Collagen fibers
They branch and thinner than collagen
Elastin fibers
The material in which connective tissue cells d fibers are embedded ( except in bones, viscous gel, occupies most on the tissue space
Ground substance
What is this type of collagen:
makes ups of 90% of our body is collagen and is densely packed and used to provide structure to our skin bones and ligaments
Tyoe 1
What is this type of collagen:
Provide joint support that can be found in elastic cartilage
Type 2
What is this type of collagen:
can be found in muscles, arteries, and organs. all collagen fibrils have at least one triple helix structure
Type 3
What are the 3 types of muscles
Striated skeletal muscle
Striated cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Composed of muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissue.
Fibers are collected into fascicles (bundles)
Muscle fibers are multinucleated
Nuclei are peripherally located under the cell membrane
Striated skeletal muscle
The fibers aee shorter than skeletal muscle fibers and branch join each other forming sheets rather than bundles.
There is a specific junction between the muscle fibers called intercalated disks which have Nuclei that centrally located
Striated Cardiac Muscle
The fibers are fusiform, small but relatively long; each fiber has a single, centrally located nucleus ;
fibers are arrange in concentric sheets and are tightly packed,
Smooth Muscle
vary in size and shape cell body - axon and dendrite
Nuerons
interstitial supporting cells in the nervous system significantly vary in size and shape
Glia
includes nerve cells: neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites and axons (both myelinated and unmyelinated)
Central nervous system
Supporting cells
Nuroglia
it contains nuerons organized into clusters called ___________
PNS
ganglia
Meaning of PNS
Peripheral Nervous System
Supporting cells including satellites cells associated with the ganglionic nuerons and Schwann cel which form the Myelin sheath, conncetive tissue elements and blood vessels
PNS
what are the 3 connective tissue elements
Endonuerium
Perinuerium
Epineurium
What are the 3 types if Nuerons
Unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar
They have one process extending from the cell body
Unipolar nuerons
They have two processes extending from the cell of the body
Bipolar nuerons
They have multiple processes extending from the cell body, typically one axon and multiple dendrites
Multipolar Nuerons
Are chemical messenger that transmit signal across synapses allowing communication between neurons and other cells
Neurotransmitter
Define neurotransmitter
Are chemical messenger that transmit signal across synapses allowing communication between nuerons and other cells
5 common neurotransmitter
- Acetylcholine (ACH)
- Dopamine
- Serotonin
- Glutamate
- Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)
plays a role in muscle movement, memory and learning. Found at nueromuscualr jusctions and in the central nervous system
Acetylcholine (Ach)
- involved in motivation, reward and motto control.
- influenced mood, attention, and pleasure, and it’s dysregulation is associated with conditions like Parkinson’s disease and addiction
Dopamine
- Contributes to mood regulation, sleep, apetite, and digestion
- affects emotions, social behaviour, and cognition amd it’s implicated in depression and anxiety disorders
Serotonin
- Primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
- involved in learning, memory and syna[tic plasticity
- essential for normal brain function but can be nuerotoxic in excess contributing to condition like stroke and nuerodegenerative disease
Glutamate
- Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain regulating neuronal excitability and reducing anxiety
- it plays a crucial role maintaining balance between excitation and inhition in the nuerons systems
Gamma-amino butyric acid
7 types of tissue preparation
Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing
Embedding
Sectioning
Mounting
Staining
Preserve the tissue and there will be no alternative component
Fixation
Removal of water from tissue
Dehydration
Dehydrated agent needed
50-100% alcohol
To make the tissue transparent
Clearing
Ebedded in the paraffin wax or candle
Embedding
Trimming of the excess paraffin into a thin section using Microtome
Sectioning
Use in sectioning
Microtome 5-10 micrometer ul
Putting the paraffin into the slide using adhesive coated glass slide
Mounting
Using metachromatic stain
Staining
Basic dye color
Blue
Acid dye color
Pink
Use in acid dye color
Hematoxylin
Use of acid dye
Eosin
Alternative dye
Toluidine blue
It makes the tissue blue except polyanious (granules)
Toluidine dye
