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1st-1st: Understanding the Self > PRELIM FLASHCARDS > Flashcards

PRELIM FLASHCARDS

1
Q

Socrates’ aphorism and its meaning

A

“gnothi seauton” = know thyself

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2
Q

Socrates’ definition of self-knowledge

A
  • Knowing one’s degree of understanding about the world and knowing one’s capabilities and potentials
  • Self is achieved and something to work on.
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3
Q

One must first have the __________ to acknowledge his or here ignorance so as to acquire knowledge.

A

humility

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4
Q

Philosopher on the empirical and ultimate reality

A

Plato

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5
Q

Empirical reality & ultimate reality

A

Empirical reality - we experience in the experiential world is fundamentally unreal and is only a shadow or a mere appearance.

Ultimate reality - real as it is eternal and constitutes abstract universal essences of things.

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6
Q

monist vs. dualist belief

A

Monist refers to the idea of one core entity or there is only one kind of being. While in dualist, they denoted that there is 2 entity which mind and body that are distinct and separable

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7
Q

Explain St. Augustine’s Memory and Expectations

A

St. Augustine argued that as far as the consciousness can be extended backward to any past action or forward to actions to come, it determines the identity of the person.

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8
Q

time vs. memory (according to St. Augustine)

A

Time is what people measure within their memory. While, memory is the property of the mind.

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9
Q

It pertains to the inquiry of the soul then of the mind, consciousness, and thought.

A

Introspection

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10
Q

Introspection confirms the superiority of humans over other organisms since humans have _________________.

A

self-consciousness

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11
Q

Rene Descartes’ aphorism and its meaning

A

Cogito, ergo sum = “I think, therefore I am.”
- The existence of anything that you register from your senses can be doubted. One can always doubt about the certainty of things but the very fact that one doubts is something that cannot be doubted.

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12
Q

Rene Descartes belief on the Self

A

He believed that the self is: “A thinking or a substance whose whole essence or nature is merely thinking.”

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13
Q

What does mind-body dichotomy means?

A

For Descartes, the self is nothing else but a mind-body dichotomy. Thought (mind) always precedes action (body). Humans are self-aware and they are the masters of their own universe.

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14
Q

What is Paul and Patricia Churchland’s focus?

A

They are Canadian-American philosophers whose work has focused on integrating the disciplines of philosophy of mind and neuroscience in a new approach that has been called Neurophilosophy.

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15
Q

Churchland’s Eliminative Materialism

A

“A radical claim that ordinary, common sense understanding of the mind is deeply wrong and that some or all of the mental states posited by common sense do not actually exist.”

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16
Q

Churchlands belief on Folk Psychology

A

Or common sense, is something that is FALSE. It is also a fold belief that our sense of the world and of ourselves is a direct representation of how the world is formed.

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17
Q

Churchlands belief on the self

A

Self is nothing else but the BRAIN, or simply, the self is contained entirely within the physical brain.

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18
Q

Maurice Mearleau-Ponty’s aphorism and its meaning

A

“I am my body” = He accepts the idea of mental states but he also suggests that the use of the mind is inseparable from our bodily, situated, physical nature.

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19
Q

Two types of body according to Ponty

A
  • Subjective body (lived and experienced)
  • Objective body (observed and scientifically investigated)

o For him, these two are not different bodies. The former is the body as-it-is-lived.

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20
Q

Self as Embodied Subjectivity (according to Ponty)

A

The body is a general medium for having a world and we know it is not through our intellect but through our experiences.

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21
Q

George Mead’s Social Self

A

Self is constructed by directly engaging with the world through interaction and through reflections on those interactions.

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22
Q

Two parts of self (according to Mead)

A

Self-awareness – Conscious knowledge of one’s own character, feelings, motives, and desires.

Self-image – The idea one has of one’s abilities, appearance, and personality.

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23
Q

Mead proposed the idea that the self develops through social interaction; that social interaction involves the exchange of ________.

A

symbols

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24
Q

What is role playing?

A

It is the process in which one takes on the role of another by putting oneself in the position of the person with whom he or she interacts.

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25
Q

3 Stages of Development

A

Imitation or Preparatory Stage: a child imitates the behavior of his or her parents like sweeping the floor

Play Stage: the child playing the roles of others such as acting as a teacher, soldier, carpenter, etc.

Game Stage: the child comes to themselves from the perspective of other people.

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26
Q

Mead’s “I” and “Me” Self

A

The I is the phase of the self that is unsocialized and spontaneous. It is the acting part of the self, an immediate response to other people.

The Me is the organization of the internalized attitude of others. It represents the conventional and objective part of the self.

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27
Q

Mead described it as an organized community or social group which gives to the individual his or her unity of self.

A

Generalized Others

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28
Q

Charles Horton Cooley’s Looking Glass Shelf

A

In this view, the self is developed as a result of one’s perceptions of other people’s opinions.

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29
Q

The self is built through social interaction which involves three steps:

A
  1. People imagine how they must appear to others.
  2. They imagine the judgement on that appearance.
  3. They develop themselves through the judgement of others.
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30
Q

4 Basic Postmodernist Ideas about the Self

A
  1. Multiphrenia - different voices speaking about “who we are and what we are.”
  2. Protean - a self capable of changing constantly to fit the present conditions.
  3. De-centered - self is constantly being redefined or constantly undergoing change.
  4. Self-in-relation which means that humans do not live their lives in isolation but in relation to people and to certain cultural contexts.
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31
Q

For Mead, the self is shaped by outside forces, that is why for him there is no “I” self. The self is _________ ________________.

A

socially constructed

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32
Q

How is a person’s status determined in a traditional society?

A

by his or her role

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33
Q

How is a person’s status determined in a modern society?

A

by his or her achievement

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34
Q

How is a person’s status determined in a postmodern society?

A

by fashion or style

35
Q

Culture is derived from the Latin word cultura or cultus meaning _____ or _____________.

A

care or cultivation

36
Q

personal identity vs. collective identity

A

Personal identity – the way they see themselves as an individual.

Collective identity – the way they see themselves as a member of a certain group.

37
Q

What is an identity?

A

Identity refers to “whom the person is,” or the qualities and traits of an individual that make him or her different from others.

38
Q

It refers to the identity or feeling of belongingness to a certain culture group.

A

Cultural Identity

39
Q

The cultural categories that shapes one’s overall cultural identity prove how one’s cultural identity is meant to be _________________.

A

multidimensional

40
Q

What is Cultural Identity Theory?

A

It explains why a person acts and behaves the way he or she does. A single person can possess multiple identities, simultaneously making him or her part of many cultural groups

41
Q

nation vs. national identity

A

Nation is a group of people built on the premise of shared customs, traditions, religion, language, art, history and more.

National Identity refers to the identity or feeling of belongingness to one state or nation.

42
Q

National identity is socially constructed. It is influenced and shaped by:

A

Material Culture – national flag, emblem, seal ; these represents all the people who are part of a nation.

Non-Material Culture – embodies the shared understanding of a group of people which includes: norms, beliefs, traditions

43
Q

National identity requires the process of ____________________________.

A

Self-categorization

44
Q

The Three Fundamental Selves

A

Individual Self – reflects the cognitions related to traits, states, and behaviors that are stored in memory.

Relational Self – reflects the cognitions that are belated to one’s relationships.

Collective Self – reflects cognitions that are related to one’s group.

45
Q

It characterizes the discrepancy between the identity a person claims to possess and the identity attributed to that person by others.

A

Identity Struggles

46
Q

“Identity struggles” is introduced by …….

A

Anthony Wallace and Raymond Fogelson

47
Q

William James’s Self Theory

A

For James, a human being has the capacity to be a thinking subject and the object of his or her thinking at the same time.

48
Q

William James’s “I” and “Me”

A

I – continuous stream of consciousness internally

Me – when he or she makes himself or herself the object of his or her own thinking.

49
Q

James claims that in understanding the self, it can be contextualized in 3 categories:

A

self-feelings, constituents of the self, and self-seeking

50
Q

4 Constituents of the self

A

Material Self – material possessions that he or she values and regards as his or her own.

Social Self – connotes the image of an individual in the eyes of the people around him or her

Spiritual Self – one’s thoughts, beliefs, and feelings

Pure ego – is the most puzzling aspect of the self.

51
Q

Carl Rogers’ Self Theory

A

Rogers believes that the SELF does not exist at birth. It is developed gradually during childhood wherein one differentiates the self from NON-SELF

52
Q

Rogers proposed that by means of ___________ and ___________, one can shape himself or herself based on what he or she wants to be.

A

FREE CHOICE and ACTION

53
Q

Real Self vs. Ideal Self

A

Real self - self-image ; is who an individual actually is

Ideal self - idealized image ; perception of what a person would like to be

54
Q

It is an agreement between the selves, which happens when the ideal self is closer to the real self.

A

Congruence

55
Q

People with congruent selves are more likely to attain __________________________ to those with incongruent selves

A

SELF-ACTUALIZATION

56
Q

What is self-concept?

A

It is defined as the totality of complex, organized, and dynamic system of learned beliefs, attitudes, and opinions that each person holds to be true about his or her personal existence.

57
Q

existential self vs. categorical self

A

Existential Self – begins when an individual recognizes his or her existence as a separate entity from others and realizes that he or she will continue to exist over a period of time and space.

Categorical Self – it starts after a child recognizes his or her existence as a separate entity and becomes aware that he or she is an object in the world.

58
Q

Three Components of Self-Concept

A

Self-Worth or Self-Esteem: what one thinks about oneself.

Self-Image: how one sees himself or herself, which is important for good psychological health.

Ideal Self: is the person that one wants to be.

59
Q

Global Models

A

Look into a human being in his or her totality, as an indivisible entity that cannot be broken down into parts.

60
Q

It is guided by the principle that: “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”

A

Gestalt Psychology

61
Q

It is guided by the principle that: “Human beings, as humans, supersede the sum of their parts.”

A

Humanistic Psychology

62
Q

Both Gestalt and humanistic psychology focus on the __________ of the self.

A

totality

63
Q

Differentiated Models

A

Look into a human being through examining its parts for it is divisible or can be broken into components.

64
Q

Sigmund Freud’s 3 Parts of Psyche

A

Id (instinct), Ego (reality), Superego (morality)

65
Q

Carl Jung’s 3 Parts of Psyche

A

The Ego – is the center of consciousness.

The Personal Unconscious – all information stored in a person’s mind that are readily accessible to consciously recall.

The Collective Unconscious – refers to the unconscious mind shared by all human beings such as instincts and archetypes.

66
Q

Albert Bandura’s Agentic Theory of the Self

A

To be agent means to be capable of intentionally influencing one’s own functionality and life circumstances.

67
Q

Four Core Properties of Human Agency

A

Intentionality (action plan), Forethought (plans in the future), Self-reactiveness (clear and specific goals), Self-reflection (self-examine)

68
Q

Individualism vs. Collectivism

A

Individualism is an orientation concerned with the independence and self-reliance of the individual. While, collectivism is an orientation characterized by belongingness to larger groups or collectives

69
Q

Individualistic culture vs. Collectivistic culture

A

Individualistic culture puts more emphasis on promoting the individual and the immediate family’s welfare. While, collectivistic culture gives more importance to loyalty to the in-group, which in turn takes care of the individual’s welfare.

70
Q

Western conception vs. Eastern conception

A

Western is individualistic; It emphasizes the uniqueness of every individual and is predicated on egoism or self-orientedness.

Eastern is collectivistic; It prioritizes the needs and goals of society over the needs and desires of every individual.

71
Q

Buddhism

A

Self is regarded as an illusion, an imaginary concept born as a product of evolved consciousness and misguided thinking of humans.

72
Q

Buddhism’s other term for self

A

ATMAN

73
Q

In Buddhism terms, the __________ (no-self) is not a denial of existence. It is a conviction that no words can define the essence of this present moment of existence.

A

ANATTA

74
Q

In Buddhism, a human being is a product of 5 changing processes that experiences them all:

A

physical body, feelings, perceptions, responses, the flow of consciousness

75
Q

Confucianism

A

It regards an individual as a member of a larger whole, not as a separate being.

76
Q

The Relational Self

A

According to Confucius, individual identity is defined by membership in the reference group to which one belongs.

77
Q

The Subdued Self

A

According to Confucius, The Subdued Self is the condition to response to perceptions, not of its own needs and aspirations but of social requirements and obligations.

78
Q

It is a Confucian virtue characterized altruistic behavior that must be nurtured in every person.

A

REN (human-heartedness)

79
Q

Taoism

A

Knowledge of the universe or nature can be attained by studying the self because Taoists regard the human body as the miniature of the universe, as an extension of the cosmos.

80
Q

Taoism emphasizes living with harmony with “TAO” which means..

A

way or path

81
Q

Hinduism

A

The Hinduist view about the self was written in the Upanishads, “Story of Creation” which tells about the origin of the universe and of humans.

82
Q

In Hinduism, the ATMAN is one with the ________ which means the absolute, transcendental power.

A

BRAHMAN

83
Q

According to Hinduism, everything came from..

A

Purusha

1st-1st: Understanding the Self (3 decks)

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