FINAL FLASHCARDS
(77 cards)
1
Q
They define learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of practice or process that leads to change as practice or experiences.
A
Behaviorists
1
Q
They define learning as a process that leads to change as a result of experience.
A
Cognitive psychologists
2
Q
“In other words, learning is the acquisition of __________, ______, and __________ through experiences.”
A
knowledge, skills, and attitudes,
3
Q
“Learning is a transformational process that leads to personal growth and development.”
A
Learning helps an individual to adapt to the constantly changing environment. It starts at birth and continues throughout life.
4
Q
“Learning is a constant process that can result from direct and indirect experiences.”
A
Individuals learn from one another through observation and imitation.
5
Q
“Learning is important to the survival of human beings.”
A
It enables them to discover new knowledge, technology, and interventions.
6
Q
LEARNING IS PURPOSEFUL
A
- Human action is motivated or inspired by one’s aims, goals, or intentions.
- Learning occurs because it is planned, desired, or even forced.
- No matter what the case, there is always a purpose why a person seeks more knowledge.
7
Q
LEARNING IS A RESULT OF EXPERIENCE
A
- Learning is often associated with a change in behavior as a result of experience.
- This entails that learning comes with one’s interaction with the environment.
- They can make them meaningful only if they understand them well enough and be able to use and apply then in real-life situations.
8
Q
This famous quotation exemplifies the connection between the physical and mental well-being of a person.
A
“A sound mind in a sound body”
9
Q
LEARNING IS MULTIFACETED
A
- In order produce well-rounded graduates, education institutions must hone not only the intellectual but also the physical, social, emotional, and spiritual potentials of learners.
- Incidental knowledge, skills, and attitudes are also taught and developed.
10
Q
LEARNING IS AN ACTIVE PROCESS
A
- Leaners should not be mere passive receivers of information.
- Learning is not rote memorization.
- The principle of teaching states that the students should be the center of the learning process.
11
Q
WHAT HAPPENS DURING LEARNING?
A
Brain Changes - For the brain, it takes a set of knowledge and skills for its development. When a person learns something new, the brain undergoes changes.
Behavior Changes - Learning has been defined as a permanent change in behavior as a result of experience. Learning requires continuity of behavioral change.
12
Q
It is the awareness of one’s thinking and the strategies one uses to learn.
A
Metacognition
13
Q
He identified the two components of metacognition
A
Psychologist John Flavell
14
Q
Metacognition is simply defined as…
A
cognition about cognition or thinking about thinking.
15
Q
2 components of metacognition
A
- Metacognition Knowledge – Includes knowledge of cognitive tasks, and knowledge of the strategies to complete tasks.
- Metacognition Regulation – Refers to how an individual monitors and controls his or her cognitive processes.
16
Q
Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) according to Zimmerman (2020)
A
It is the process in which students systematically direct their thoughts, feelings, and actions toward the attainment of their academic goals.
17
Q
SRL is a self-directed process through which students transform their _______ ________ into ____________ _______.
A
mental abilities into academic skills.
18
Q
SRL is a _______ process in which the student plans for a task, monitors his or her performance, and reflects on the outcome.
A
cyclical
19
Q
The 3 essential components of self-regulated learning
A
- PLANNING – increases efficiency, control, and motivation.
- PROBLEM SOLVING – allows students to learn to think and look for solutions when faced with adversities.
- SELF-EVALUATION – increases self-awareness that leads to the better understanding of one’s own emotions, strengths, and weaknesses.
20
Q
It refers to the attitudes and behaviors of students when preparing for tests or any learning assessment.
A
Study Habits
21
Q
Below are some of the ways to develop good study habits:
A
- Get organized
- Prepare your review materials
- Ask help
- Test yourself or ask someone to test you
- Allot time to take a break and eliminate stress
- Create or join a study group
22
Q
It is the belief in your own ability to succeed in achieving a goal.
A
Self-efficacy
23
Q
Albert Bandura’s Theory of Self-Efficacy
A
In Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory, self-efficacy refers to one’s belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task. More often than not, one’s sense if self-efficacy can play a major role in how one approaches goals, tasks and challenges.
24
The operative word in the concept of self-efficacy
"belief"
25
Bandura enumerated ways to strengthen self-efficacy:
1. Mastery experiences
- to first-hand or direct experiences that a person acquires.
2. Vicarious experiences
- emanate from observing people, especially those that one regards as his or her role models.
3. Verbal persuasion
- refers to motivation coming from influential people such as parents, teachers, friends, coaches, and superiors.
4. Emotional and physiological states
- to the emotional and physiological conditions that a person is in.
26
Carol Dweck’s Growth Mindset Theory
There are two types of mindset we can cultivate: one that embraces problems as opportunities to learn, and one that avoids them often out of fear to fail.
27
Fixed Mindset vs. Growth Mindset
People have a fixed mindset because they believe the basic qualities like intelligence or talents are fixed traits and that these traits are responsible for success. They often like to document past achievements.
On the other hand, people with a growth mindset people believe that new abilities can be developed through practice.
28
To develop a growth mindset, Dr. Carol Dweck advised these:
Teachers should applaud students for any grade if they studied hard.
Parents should encourage their children to develop any new skill they are interested in.
29
Why do modern companies look for employees with the growth mindset?
Because they solve problems and persist despite obstacles.
30
Edwin Locke’s Goal-setting Theory
He stressed that setting a goal provides a significant source of motivation which, in turn, improves people’s performance.
31
A goal or outcome has two (2) side:
(1) the mastery goals where the desire to gain knowledge and skills are reflected
(2) the performance goals where the desire to look competent in other people’s eyes is manifested.
32
5 Principles of Goal-Setting
1. Clarity – simply means being clear and not vague.
2. Challenge – means that a goal must trigger the knowledge, skills, and abilities of a person.
3. Commitment – reflects a person’s dedication towards the attainment of the goals.
4. Feedback – serves as a mechanism to ensure that everyone sharing the same goal is on the right track and all are in the same direction.
5. Task complexity – pushes people to take the extra mile and work hard.
33
Julian Rotter’s Expectancy Theory
Expectancy theory is focused mainly on the expectations that shape a particular situation. Learning creates cognitions, known as expectancies that guide behaviour. A person’s decision to engage in behaviour is determined by what the person expects to happen following the behaviour and the value the person places on the outcome.
34
For Julian Rotter, behaviour is determined not only by the kinds of consequences that B.F. Skinner called ________ _____________ but also by the expectation that a particular behaviour will result in those consequences.
positive reinforcement
35
If a person has this, he or she believes that events are controlled by his or her own efforts.
internal locus of control
36
If a person has this, he or she believes that events are determined by external forces over which he or she has no control.
external locus of control
37
It is all about achieving something as a product of one’s initiative and effort.
Success
38
Why is success subjective?
For many people, acquiring material possessions such as a house, lot, and a brand-new car is success. For others, finishing tertiary education or graduate studies is already a success. Conceptually, success is not limited to the acquisition of material possessions or a degree.
39
Why is success a feeling of fulfillment of an aspiration or desire?
The feeling stays and becomes a permanent source of pride, and then the person may add other goals, comprising new targets for success. People strive for success to capture that feeling that define one’s essence and existence.
40
Success that comes with understanding and accepting one’s intellectual abilities, feelings, and emotions.
Mental sucess
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Success equates to having a sound body and spirit.
Spiritual success
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Success that comes with overcoming one’s physical and psychological limitations such as overcoming a phobia.
Personal success
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Success that entails achieving milestones in one’s career such as getting one’s “dream job” or the desired position in the company.
Career success
44
Success that means financial stability – being able to acquire material possessions that one desires and being free from debt.
Financial success
45
Success that reflects the respect and recognition one has from the community.
Social success
46
Success to have harmonious and happy family.
Family success
47
Success that means possessing the desired qualities of one’s body
Physical success
48
Based on the domains of ___________ the self is dominated by three domains that operate in a cycle.
biorhythm
49
THREE DOMAINS THAT DOMINATE THE SELF
1. Physical domain – includes coordination, strength, and well-being.
2. Intellectual domain – includes alertness, analytical functioning, logical analysis, memory or recall, and communication
3. Emotional domain – includes creativity, sensitivity, mood, perception, and awareness
50
Based on a framework, any imbalance in the 3 domains of self results in _______________ and thus in an unhealthy condition.
incongruence
51
______________ ____________ prescribes that in order to be healthy, one must regularly exercise, control the intake of unhealthy food, and be in a forgiving mode, so as not to poison one’s mind.
Contemporary medicine
52
In its entirety, such negativity on all domains opens the possibility of occurrence of sickness or disease.
psychological poison
53
Steinbrook stated that it is an essential step in disease prevention as well as in protocols for healing and recovery from disease.
personal health responsibility or taking charge of one’s own health
54
It involves active participation in one’s own health and healing plan through education and lifestyle changes.
Personal health responsibility
55
Parts of personal health responsibility is knowing one’s _______ _________; this is one way to determine hereditary illnesses which can be avoided in the future.
family history
56
It refers to the reaction of our physiological and psychological self to any kind of demand or threat.
Stress
57
Eustress vs. Distress
Eustress is a beneficial stress that can be in the form of physical, psychological and biological stimuli. While, distress occurs when there is a tension build up which becomes unbearable and difficult to cope with.
58
It is any event that compels a person to adjust or change.
stressor
59
Below are the common stressors that are described as unpleasant and life-threatening:
1. Catastrophic events and life-threatening experiences
2. Life changes and strains
3. Chronic problems
4. Every day hassles
60
It refers to the ability of an individual to endure stress.
Stress tolerance
61
Signs and Symptoms of Poorly Managed Stress: Physical
Characterized by one's inability to sleep, fatigue, headache, cramps, unpleasant aura and gastrointestinal problems. Stress also causes aging and malignant diseases like cancer.
62
Signs and Symptoms of Poorly Managed Stress: Emotional and behavioural
Include lack of concentration, irritation, nervousness, panic, lack of appetite in food or too much intake of food, low level of enthusiasm and desire, and mood swings.
63
Signs and Symptoms of Poorly Managed Stress: Unhealthy habits
drug addiction, alcoholism, cigarette smoking or poor diet
64
In dealing with stressful experiences, people may use ________ ___________ which include money and time.
coping resources
65
The effect of stressors can also be eliminated through the use of effective ________ ____________.
coping methods
66
Problem-focused vs. emotion-focused coping method
Problem-focused coping method involves an attempt to change or eliminate sources of stress. While, emotion-focused coping method is aimed at controlling the negative emotional consequences of stressors.
67
"stress is relative"
One's perception of stress depends on the perspective of the individual. This perception is always subject to change; what is viewed as an asset can be viewed as a liability later on by another person.
68
In the Philippines, there are perennial stressors that frustrate most people:
(1) public transportation (e.g., MRT, LRT glitches) and traffic problems
(2) frequent increase in process of basic commodities and services
(3) unfinished projects
69
It refers to all activities that a person does to maintain and improve his or her physical, psychological, emotional, social, and spiritual well-being.
Self-care
70
5 dimensions of self-care
1. Physical self-care includes all the activities that one does to maintain and improve his or her physical well- being.
2. Psychological self-care includes all the activities one does to deal or resolve mental health issues.
3. Emotional self-care includes all the activities one does to cope with stress and deal with grief.
4. Social self-care includes all the activities one does to connect with people valuable to him or her.
5. Spiritual self-care includes all the activities one does to strengthen one's relationship with his or her beliefs.
71
5 Benefits of Self-Care
1. Enhanced productivity
2. Improved vitality
3. Enhanced self-esteem
4. Increased self-knowledge
5. Mindfulness and compassion
72
It involves being open to and moved by one's own suffering, expressions care and kindness towards oneself.
Self-compassion
73
Three Components of Self-compassion
1. SELF-KINDNESS – means not being physically and verbally harsh to oneself.
2. COMMON HUMANITY – means acceptance that one is an imperfect being.
3. MINDFULNESS – is the practice of being fully present in the moment.
74
It is damaging to how one perceives oneself and may lead to anxiety and stress.
Negative self-talking
75
It is a kind of verbal abuse directed to oneself.
Self-beration
76
It is the act of harming oneself through physical means.
Self-harm
