Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

junior religion > prelim exam > Flashcards

prelim exam Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Religion Crash Course flashcards
1
Q

polytheism

A

belief in many gods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

monotheism

A

belief in one god

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

paganism

A

encompasses a wide range of beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

transcendence

A

existence above or apart from the material world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

immanence

A

presence of god in every aspect of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pantheism

A

god is in everything and the natural world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

7 characteristics of religion

A
  1. practice and ritual
  2. experiential and emotional
  3. narrative and mythic
  4. doctrinal and philosophical
  5. ethical and legal
  6. social and institutional
  7. material dimension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

8 things derived from the dreaming

A
  1. ethical behaviour
  2. information about performing rituals
  3. advice on food gathering and preparation
  4. how to make things
  5. love magic
  6. passport to the land
  7. lives of ancestors
  8. why the land looks like it does
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pentecost

A
  • birth of the church
  • lasted 30 years
  • 30-60CE
  • 70CE the temple was taken down by romans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

peter and paul

A
  • most significant members in the early church
  • small groups of palestine jews followed jesus through the preaching of peter
  • peter was uneducated but was a believer of jesus through his life
  • paul didn’t believe in jesus or god until he was reformed so his job was to convert jews
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

formalisation of the christian church

A

from 70CE onwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

roman persecution of christians

A
  • during the second and third centuries
  • secret signs and meetings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

constantine and christianity

A
  • his family worshipped the sun god
  • he had a vision that they won the war under the christian cross so all the soldiers wore the chi ro to protect them
  • put together all the leaders and made them write down their beliefs in the nicean creed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

1054 schism

A

east- west schism, orthodox and catholic excommunicated each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

1545 schism

A
  • protestant schism
  • henry 8th
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

christian variants

A
  1. anglicanism
  2. catholicism
  3. orthodoxy
  4. pentecostalism
  5. protestantism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

5 core beliefs of christianity

A
  1. divinity and humanity
  2. death, resurrection and ascension
  3. nature of god
  4. revelation
  5. salvation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

divinity and humanity of christ

A
  • human figure and incarnation of god
  • is fully divine and fully human equally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

death resurrection and ascension

A
  • faith is seated firmly in the events of easter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the nature of god (christianity)

A
  • only one god
  • creator of all things
  • holy trinity
  • mystery of faith (how he can co-exist as three persons)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

revelation (christianity)

A
  • revealed himself to humanity
  • revealed through creation, prophets, holy spirit and jesus christ
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

salvation (christianity)

A
  • all people are created in the likeness of god
  • people have free will
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

sacred texts (christianity)

A
  • old testament, hebrew, 39 books
  • apocrypha, additional 12 books accepted by roman catholic and orthodox church as part of the old testament
  • new testament, greek, 27 books, gospels, letters and revelation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

3 core ethical teachings (christianity)

A
  1. ten commandments
  2. beatitudes
  3. commandment to love
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ten commandments

A
  • given to moses by god
    1. put god first
    2. dont worship idols
    3. respect gods name
    4. respect gods day of rest
    5. respect your parents
    6. don’t kill people
    7. respect marriage promises
    8. don’t steal
    9. don’t lie
    10. don’t be jealous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

beautitudes

A
  • jesus’ sermon on the mount
    1. the poor in spirit
    2. the meek
    3. they who mourn
    4. they that hunger and thirst after justice
    5. the merciful
    6. the clean of heart
    7. the peacemakers
    8. they who suffer persecution of justice sake
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

middle way definition

A

avoiding the extremes of indulgence and denial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

buddha definition

A

enlightened one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

where did buddhism come from

A

came from brahmanism around 2500ya which has now become classical hinduism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

reincarnation definition

A

rebirth from physical form to physical form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

samsara definition

A

cycle of rebirth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

nirvana definition

A

state of no suffering, desire or sense of self resulting from enlightenment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

dukkha definition

A

suffering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

the buddha

A
  • siddharta gautama
  • member of kshatriya varna
  • prince of a royal family
  • predicted at birth he would either be a great king or great religious leader
  • he was locked up in the palace and had everything done for him
  • saw the four sights
  • tried to live on only a grain of rice a day
  • in a deer park gained memory of the lives he had lived before
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

the four sights

A
  • old man
  • sick man
  • dead man
  • holy man
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

4 qualities of the buddha

A
  1. self-control
  2. truth over luxury
  3. wisdom and insight
  4. tolerance and inclusiveness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what did the early sangha and councils do

A
  • recounted the words of buddha
  • travelled to india to spread the word
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

vinaya texts definition

A

early texts about how monks and nuns should live their lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

theravada buddhism

A
  • sri lanka, burma, cambodia and laos
  • 100 million people
  • classical
  • enlightenment can only be achieved by sangha
  • only male monks can achieve enlightenment
  • rejects gods and spirits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

buddhism variants

A

theravada, mahayana, vajrayana

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

mahayana buddhism

A
  • vietnam, china, korea, japan
  • 1 billion
  • began in india
  • centered on self discovery
  • buddha a transcendant being
  • nirvana is available to all people
  • women = men
  • enlightenment can be sudden and random
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

boddhisattva definition

A

delays nirvana to help others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

vajrayana buddhism

A
  • tibet
  • arose from mahayana
  • spiritual and mystical
  • elements for hinduism
  • values experience over emptiness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

prajna definition

A

wisdom to see between real and illusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

5 principal beliefs buddhism

A
  1. three jewels
  2. dharma
  3. four noble truths
  4. noble eightfold path
  5. marks of existence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

the three jewels (groups )

A
  1. dharma: teachings
  2. sangha: community
  3. buddha
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

dharma

A
  • published words the buddha spoke
  • recited in ritual and used as a guide
  • includes four noble truths, eight fold path and teachings of buddha
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

four noble truths buddhism

A
  1. dukkha: suffering always exists
  2. origin of suffering: desire
  3. way out of suffering: nirvana
  4. path leading to nirvana (8fold path)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

noble eightfold path

A
  1. right view
  2. right thought
  3. right speech
  4. right action
  5. right livelihood
  6. right effort
  7. right mindfulness
  8. right concentration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

marks of existence buddhism

A

annica: impermanence
dukkha: suffering
anatta: absence of self
karma: moral consequence of actions
samsara: rebirth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

sacred texts buddhism

A
  1. tripitaka
  2. lotus of the good law
  3. tibetan book of the dead
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

tripitaka

A
  • collection of sermons for monastic discipline
    1. vinaya pitaka: monastic rules
    2. sutta pitaka: sermons
    3. abhidharmapitaka: philosophical commentaries on the buddhas sermons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

sutras definition

A

texts containing the words of buddha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

lotus of the good law

A
  • second of three works known as the threefold lotus
  • all people can reach enlightenment
  • emphasis on skill and faith
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

tibetan book of the dead

A
  • vajrayana buddhisms most important book
  • read to all people who are dying
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

five precepts of buddhism

A
  1. don’t kill
  2. don’t steal
  3. don’t engage in sexual misconduct
  4. don’t lie
  5. don’t take mind altering substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

five other precepts for the vinaya

A
  1. taking untimely meals
  2. dancing, music and singing
  3. use of garlands, perfumes and personal adornments
  4. use of high seats
  5. accepting gold or silver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

personal devotion in the home (buddhism)

A
  • meditation
  • yoga
  • puja: offerings
  • mala: prayer beads
  • mandala
59
Q

differences in islam

A
  1. theological difference
  2. cultural differences
  3. differences in methods of revival of islam
60
Q

theological difference in islam

A

differences in secondary beliefs and ideas on authority between sunni and shi’a

61
Q

cultural differences in islam

A

differences as islam spread through the world

62
Q

differences in methods of revival of islam

A

the modern era and whether muslims should follow secularism or an islamic vision of society

63
Q

mecca definition

A

city in saudi arabia where muhammed lived and received his first revelations

64
Q

when islam began

A

began in the arabian peninsula about 1400 years ago

65
Q

nomadic tribes in saudi arabia

A

before islam the area was inhabited by nomadic tribes and a wide range of polytheistic tribes

66
Q

social and religious conditions of arabia

A
  • connections to tribe
  • no sense of national identity
  • ka’ba is mecca’s most sacred site that had 360 idols in it
  • muslims believed it was the first house where god was worshipped
67
Q

when was muhammed born

A

around 570CE

68
Q

how many prophets of islam

A

25 prophets mentioned in the qur’an including abraham, joseph and moses

69
Q

hadith definition

A

sayings and actions compiled after his death

70
Q

caliph

A

literally ‘successor’: a person who makes religious and political decisions for the muslim community

  • companions of the prophet and entrusted with the role
71
Q

four rightly guided caliphs

A
  1. abu bakr
  2. umar
  3. uthman
  4. ali
72
Q

abu bakr

A

together with muhammad’s wife made the hadith

73
Q

umar

A

created an army

74
Q

uthman

A

expanded islam into africa and asia, compiled the qur’an

75
Q

ali

A

believed caliphs should be descendants of muhammed

76
Q

sunni islam

A
  • 80% of all muslims
  • orthodox
  • focus on authority of the qur’an
  • believed their leaders didn’t need to be a descendant just education in sharia law
77
Q

shi’a islam

A
  • means ‘party of ali’
  • believe leaders should descend from muhammed
  • most live in iraq and iran
78
Q

principal beliefs islam

A

articles of faith

79
Q

articles of faith

A
  1. tahwid (one god)
  2. mala’ika (angels)
  3. kutubullah (books of allah)
  4. rusul (prophets)
  5. al-akhira (life after death)
  6. al-qadar (divine knowledge, predestination)
80
Q

tahwid (one god)

A

99 names of allah: all used in the qur’an

81
Q

mala’ika (angels)

A

jinn: spirits
- angels are pure and deliver gods message
- cannot be perceived by humans
- created from light

82
Q

kutubullah (books of allah)

A
  • scrolls of abraham, torah of moses, psalms of david, gospels of jesus
  • the qur’an as revealed by muhammed
83
Q

rusul (prophets)

A
  • belief that thousands of prophets have been sent to deliver the message of allah
  • PBUH used when referring to muhammed
84
Q

al-akhira (life after death)

A
  • after life each soul experiences an intermediate period between death and resurrection
  • souls are either punished or rewarded for behaviour
  • jannah: paradise
85
Q

al-qadar (divine knowledge, predestination)

A
  • allah knows what will happen in the future
86
Q

islam sacred texts

A
  1. qur’an
  2. hadith
87
Q

qur’an

A
  • 114 suras (chapters)
  • considered the final revelation to humanity
  • compiled under uthman
  • ultimate source of authority and belief in islam
88
Q

hadith

A
  • collection of instructions leading to ethical law (shari’a)
  • how to perform daily prayers
  • hadith is second to the qur’an
89
Q

shari’a definition

A

moral and legal code of islam
- deals with social concerns like prayer, marriage, divorce, slavery and other legal and social concerns

90
Q

jurisprudence definition

A

scholarly interpretation and human understanding of islamic law

91
Q

ijma definition

A

consensus of scholars

92
Q

qiyas definition

A

analogy, reasoning and precedents

93
Q

areas islamic law covers

A
  1. ibadat: ritual
  2. mu’amalat: social
  3. imama: theory of collective organisation
94
Q

degrees of acceptable practice islam

A

halal: permissable
haram: forbidden

95
Q

expressions of faith islam

A

five pillars of islam

96
Q

five pillars of islam

A
  1. shahada (confession of faith)
  2. salat (5 prayer a day)
  3. zakat (almsgiving)
  4. sawm (fast for ramadan)
  5. hajj (pilgrimage to mecca)
97
Q
  1. shahada (confession of faith)
A

“there is no god but the God and Muhammad is his messenger”

98
Q
  1. salat (5 prayer a day)
A
  1. prayer from dawn to sunset facing mecca
  2. symbolises submission to god
  3. important for stress like meditation
  4. required for adult men to attend mosque on friday afternoons
99
Q
  1. zakat (almsgiving)
A
  1. 2.5% of annual savings
  2. reminder that everything given to people was by God and they should not be attached to their wealth and possessions
100
Q
  1. sawm (fast for ramadan)
A
  1. exempt if your are on your period, pregnant or breastfeeding, very young, very old or sick
  2. no eating, drinking or sex between sunrise and sunset
  3. islam follows a lunar calendar so ramadan changes every year
101
Q
  1. hajj (pilgrimage to mecca)
A
  1. all men wear two pieces of white cloth no matter how rich or poor to promote equality
  2. once inside the sacred mosque at mecca a pilgrim must walk around (circumambulate) the ka’ba seven times
  3. they collect pebbles on their journey to throw at pillars that represent satan
102
Q

the sixth pillar

A
  • jihad
    -proposed but rejected by the majority
103
Q

jihad defintion

A
  • jihad: actions that further the cause of allah
    • actions taken to protect the community
104
Q

greater jihad defintion

A

jihad defintion

105
Q

1794

A

Samuel Marsden arrived and insisted on independence/separation between Church and state.

106
Q

1800

A

First Catholic priest (Father James Dickson) transported to Australia from Ireland.

107
Q

1803

A

First Catholic church was opened in Parramatta, St Johns and mass was celebrated with father john dixon a convict

108
Q

1813

A

benevolent society nsw established by edward smith hall

109
Q

1825

A

The Schools Estate Corporation Charter gave one-seventh of all land in the colony to the Church of England and its schools.

110
Q

1833

A

st Vincent’s de paul society frederic ozanman

111
Q

1836

A
  1. Governor Bourke accepted the Passage of the Church Act (government funding to Churches), recognition of Four Christian denominations which were Church of England, Methodist, Catholic and Presbyterian.
  2. The Church Act provided pound-for-pound funding for four churches in NSW to support clergy and education. The churches supported were the Church of England, Catholic, Presbyterian and Methodist. It meant that the Church of England could no longer be considered the ‘state’ church of NSW.
  3. Broughton appointed Church of England’s first and only bishop of Australia.
112
Q

1845

A

Almost 99% population described themselves as Christian.

113
Q

1862

A

The Public Institutions Act withdrew funding from churches.

114
Q

castle hill riots

A
  • fight between irish catholics and british soldiers
  • catholics began marching in parramatta
  • the leaders of the rebellion were executed
115
Q

catholics obtain priests

A
  • first catholic mass celebrated in the colony on 1803 with father john dixon, a convict
  • it was during this time that the building of st mary’s cathedral began using land grants from the governor
116
Q

samuel marsden

A
  • richard johnson was replaced as church of england minister to the colony by his assistant samuel
  • he was based in parramatta and owned lots of land
  • he detested catholics and was a magistrate who subjected them to harsh punishments
  • he thought that catholics were barely worthy of being called humans
  • moved to new zealand were he was ironically remembered affectionately
117
Q

john dunmore lang

A
  • presbyterian religious leader
  • large influence on the religious and political life of the colony
  • first presbyterian minister in sydney
  • established schools and colleges for local families
  • encouraged free settlers to come to the colony
  • moved into politics and worked with parliament (nsw) but was heavily critical of the governor
118
Q

caroline chisolm

A

Caroline Chisholm worked onimproving conditions on the ships and arranged for the families of convicts to be transported free to Australia so they could be reunited with their loved ones.

119
Q

mary mackillop

A
  • Mary Helen MacKillop RSJ was an Australian religious sister who has been declared a saint by the Catholic Church, as St Mary of the Cross.
  • Of Scottish descent, she was born in Melbourne but is best known for her activities in South Australia.
120
Q

judaism pre 1945

A

came on the first fleet

121
Q

racism and federation

A
  • 1901 immigration restriction act
  • compulsory english language test
  • test was not compulsory and only done if the immigration officer thought the person was undesirable
  • south asian australians given a vote in 1925
122
Q

buddhism in australia

A
  • chinese religions arrived as early as the 1500s when the southern oceans may have been explored by chinese sailors
  • strong chinese presence during the gold rush (19th century)
  • chinese populations were largely made up of followers of folk religions
  • in 1981 they made up 1.2% of the population but many returned to china
  • sri lankan buddhists were employed as pearl divers and cane farmers
123
Q

islam in australia

A
  • afghan camel drivers
  • muslims lived in ‘ghan towns’
  • built a number of mosques
  • many muslims returned to their countries to rejoin their families
124
Q

first mosque in aus

A

in maree south australia

125
Q

sectarianism definition

A

excessive devotion to a particular sect or religious faith

126
Q

sectarianism in australian christianity

A
  • conflict between church of england and irish catholics
  • conflict also arrived within protestantism against
  • It important to note that much of sectarianism and the English–Irish antagonism also reflected political, cultural, linguistic and ethnic differences as much as religious issues.
127
Q

daniel manix and conscription

A
  • born in ireland
  • sent to australia as an assistant archbishop
  • supporter of irish independence
  • against conscription
128
Q

death of sectarianism

A
  • 1945 population: 8 million people
  • growing awareness of diversity and growing population
129
Q

social welfare

A
  • resources for poor people and people who couldn’t work came from the community
  • christianity in particular had a strong sense of moral conscience
  • during the great depression, although many were in need, priority was given by churches to church members
130
Q

benevolent society nsw

A
  • established by edward smith hall in 1813
  • ‘The NSW Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and Benevolence’
  • one of the earliest social welfare groups in australia
  • best known for building australia’s first maternity hospital
  • focus on women and children while also assisting the elderly and the poor
131
Q

st vincent de paul society

A
  • international society founded in france in 1833 by frederic ozanman
  • roman catholic organisation
  • designed to assist the poor
  • the australian branch began in 1854
  • 1895- 26 bases in sydney
132
Q

salvation army

A
  • former methodist william booth established the salvos in london to make assistance and religion for accessible to people living in slums
  • first salvos meeting in australia in 1880 (september 5th)
  • ran soup kitchens during the depression
133
Q

anglicare

A

national network of care and social justice agencies

134
Q

contribution of christianity to rural communities

A
  • christian groups sent missionaries and community support into rural communities and religious leaders helped develop social services foe these areas
  • german lutherans were encouraged by their home churches to travel and spread christianity
  • missionaries helped and sheltered indigenous people who were being poorly treated by white people
135
Q

the australian inland mission

A
  • presbyterian reverend john flynn made outstanding contributions to rural australians
  • he was born in north-west melbourne as was ordained as a minister in 1911
  • he was commissioned by the presbyterian church in 1912 to write a report about the problems of offering ministry services to those living in remote areas including:
    • isolation
    • poor medical care
    • poor communication
    • lack of spiritual guidance and ministry
  • he was then made superintendent to the australian inland mission
136
Q

rfds

A
  • flynn and clifford peel (WW1 air force) began the royal flying doctors service
  • other christian churches were also involved in developing ministry in outback australia like the high-church bush brotherhoods (church of england)
137
Q

public morality

A
  • some of the major ethical issue as promoted by various religions focus on bioethical concerns such as abortion and stem cell research
  • pre 1945 alcoholism was one of the main concerns facing society
  • wowsers: australian slang for a puritanical fanatic
138
Q

wowsers

A
  • term used for those trying to enforce restrictions on alcohol consumption
  • groups who promoted this include the salvation army and the australian branch of the woman’s christian temperance union
  • they believed that banning alcohol would keep men from pubs and improving time with families and lessen domestic violence
139
Q

unique features of anglicanism

A
  • created through the 16th century reformation
  • in australia women can be priests
  • book of common prayer
140
Q

unique features of catholicism

A
  • pope
  • seven sacraments
  • focus on mary and saints
  • belief of the literal blood and body
141
Q

unique features of orthodoxy

A
  • feature saints as icons
  • only male priests
  • eucharist is very important
142
Q

unique features of pentecostalism

A
  • encounters with god, divine healing, speaking in tongues
  • belief that there is no error in the bible
143
Q

unique features of protestantism

A
  • not a single church but people that oppose catholicism
  • authority of the bible
  • two sacraments: baptism and holy communion
  • clergy can marry

junior religion (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions