prelim exam Flashcards

Question

ten commandments

Answer 1

- given to moses by god 1. put god first 2. dont worship idols 3. respect gods name 4. respect gods day of rest 5. respect your parents 6. don’t kill people 7. respect marriage promises 8. don’t steal 9. don’t lie 10. don’t be jealous

Answer 2

- jesus' sermon on the mount 1. the poor in spirit 2. the meek 3. they who mourn 4. they that hunger and thirst after justice 5. the merciful 6. the clean of heart 7. the peacemakers 8. they who suffer persecution of justice sake

Answer 3

avoiding the extremes of indulgence and denial

Answer 4

enlightened one

Answer 5

came from brahmanism around 2500ya which has now become classical hinduism

Answer 6

rebirth from physical form to physical form

Answer 7

cycle of rebirth

Answer 8

state of no suffering, desire or sense of self resulting from enlightenment

Answer 9

- siddharta gautama - member of kshatriya varna - prince of a royal family - predicted at birth he would either be a great king or great religious leader - he was locked up in the palace and had everything done for him - saw the four sights - tried to live on only a grain of rice a day - in a deer park gained memory of the lives he had lived before

Answer 10

- old man - sick man - dead man - holy man

Answer 11

1. self-control 2. truth over luxury 3. wisdom and insight 4. tolerance and inclusiveness

Answer 12

- recounted the words of buddha - travelled to india to spread the word

Answer 13

early texts about how monks and nuns should live their lives

Answer 14

- sri lanka, burma, cambodia and laos - 100 million people - classical - enlightenment can only be achieved by sangha - only male monks can achieve enlightenment - rejects gods and spirits

Answer 15

theravada, mahayana, vajrayana

Answer 16

- vietnam, china, korea, japan - 1 billion - began in india - centered on self discovery - buddha a transcendant being - nirvana is available to all people - women = men - enlightenment can be sudden and random

Answer 17

delays nirvana to help others

Answer 18

- tibet - arose from mahayana - spiritual and mystical - elements for hinduism - values experience over emptiness

Answer 19

wisdom to see between real and illusion

Answer 20

1. three jewels 2. dharma 3. four noble truths 4. noble eightfold path 5. marks of existence

Answer 21

1. dharma: teachings 2. sangha: community 3. buddha

Answer 22

- published words the buddha spoke - recited in ritual and used as a guide - includes four noble truths, eight fold path and teachings of buddha

Answer 23

1. dukkha: suffering always exists 2. origin of suffering: desire 3. way out of suffering: nirvana 4. path leading to nirvana (8fold path)

Answer 24

1. right view 2. right thought 3. right speech 4. right action 5. right livelihood 6. right effort 7. right mindfulness 8. right concentration

Answer 25

annica: impermanence dukkha: suffering anatta: absence of self karma: moral consequence of actions samsara: rebirth

Answer 26

1. tripitaka 2. lotus of the good law 3. tibetan book of the dead

Answer 27

- collection of sermons for monastic discipline 1. vinaya pitaka: monastic rules 2. sutta pitaka: sermons 3. abhidharmapitaka: philosophical commentaries on the buddhas sermons

Answer 28

texts containing the words of buddha

Answer 29

- second of three works known as the threefold lotus - all people can reach enlightenment - emphasis on skill and faith

Answer 30

- vajrayana buddhisms most important book - read to all people who are dying

Answer 31

1. don't kill 2. don't steal 3. don't engage in sexual misconduct 4. don't lie 5. don't take mind altering substances

Answer 32

1. taking untimely meals 2. dancing, music and singing 3. use of garlands, perfumes and personal adornments 4. use of high seats 5. accepting gold or silver

Answer 33

- meditation - yoga - puja: offerings - mala: prayer beads - mandala

Answer 34

1. theological difference 2. cultural differences 3. differences in methods of revival of islam

Answer 35

differences in secondary beliefs and ideas on authority between sunni and shi'a

Answer 36

differences as islam spread through the world

Answer 37

the modern era and whether muslims should follow secularism or an islamic vision of society

Answer 38

city in saudi arabia where muhammed lived and received his first revelations

Answer 39

began in the arabian peninsula about 1400 years ago

Answer 40

before islam the area was inhabited by nomadic tribes and a wide range of polytheistic tribes

Answer 41

- connections to tribe - no sense of national identity - ka'ba is mecca's most sacred site that had 360 idols in it - muslims believed it was the first house where god was worshipped

Answer 42

around 570CE

Answer 43

25 prophets mentioned in the qur'an including abraham, joseph and moses

Answer 44

sayings and actions compiled after his death

Answer 45

literally ‘successor’: a person who makes religious and political decisions for the muslim community - companions of the prophet and entrusted with the role

Answer 46

1. abu bakr 2. umar 3. uthman 4. ali

Answer 47

together with muhammad's wife made the hadith

Answer 48

created an army

Answer 49

expanded islam into africa and asia, compiled the qur'an

Answer 50

believed caliphs should be descendants of muhammed

Answer 51

- 80% of all muslims - orthodox - focus on authority of the qur'an - believed their leaders didn't need to be a descendant just education in sharia law

Answer 52

- means 'party of ali' - believe leaders should descend from muhammed - most live in iraq and iran

Answer 53

articles of faith

Answer 54

1. tahwid (one god) 2. mala'ika (angels) 3. kutubullah (books of allah) 4. rusul (prophets) 5. al-akhira (life after death) 6. al-qadar (divine knowledge, predestination)

Answer 55

99 names of allah: all used in the qur'an

Answer 56

jinn: spirits - angels are pure and deliver gods message - cannot be perceived by humans - created from light

Answer 57

- scrolls of abraham, torah of moses, psalms of david, gospels of jesus - the qur'an as revealed by muhammed

Answer 58

- belief that thousands of prophets have been sent to deliver the message of allah - PBUH used when referring to muhammed

Answer 59

- after life each soul experiences an intermediate period between death and resurrection - souls are either punished or rewarded for behaviour - jannah: paradise

Answer 60

- allah knows what will happen in the future

Answer 61

1. qur'an 2. hadith

Answer 62

- 114 suras (chapters) - considered the final revelation to humanity - compiled under uthman - ultimate source of authority and belief in islam

Answer 63

- collection of instructions leading to ethical law (shari'a) - how to perform daily prayers - hadith is second to the qur'an

Answer 64

moral and legal code of islam - deals with social concerns like prayer, marriage, divorce, slavery and other legal and social concerns

Answer 65

scholarly interpretation and human understanding of islamic law

Answer 66

consensus of scholars

Answer 67

analogy, reasoning and precedents

Answer 68

1. ibadat: ritual 2. mu'amalat: social 3. imama: theory of collective organisation

Answer 69

halal: permissable haram: forbidden

Answer 70

five pillars of islam

Answer 71

1. shahada (confession of faith) 2. salat (5 prayer a day) 3. zakat (almsgiving) 4. sawm (fast for ramadan) 5. hajj (pilgrimage to mecca)

Answer 72

“there is no god but the God and Muhammad is his messenger”

Answer 73

1. prayer from dawn to sunset facing mecca 2. symbolises submission to god 3. important for stress like meditation 4. required for adult men to attend mosque on friday afternoons

Answer 74

1. 2.5% of annual savings 2. reminder that everything given to people was by God and they should not be attached to their wealth and possessions

Answer 75

1. exempt if your are on your period, pregnant or breastfeeding, very young, very old or sick 2. no eating, drinking or sex between sunrise and sunset 3. islam follows a lunar calendar so ramadan changes every year

Answer 76

1. all men wear two pieces of white cloth no matter how rich or poor to promote equality 2. once inside the sacred mosque at mecca a pilgrim must walk around (circumambulate) the ka’ba seven times 3. they collect pebbles on their journey to throw at pillars that represent satan

Answer 77

- jihad -proposed but rejected by the majority

Answer 78

- jihad: actions that further the cause of allah - actions taken to protect the community

Answer 79

jihad defintion

Answer 80

Samuel Marsden arrived and insisted on independence/separation between Church and state.

Answer 81

First Catholic priest (Father James Dickson) transported to Australia from Ireland.

Answer 82

First Catholic church was opened in Parramatta, St Johns and mass was celebrated with father john dixon a convict

Answer 83

benevolent society nsw established by edward smith hall

Answer 84

The Schools Estate Corporation Charter gave one-seventh of all land in the colony to the Church of England and its schools.

Answer 85

st Vincent's de paul society frederic ozanman

Answer 86

1. Governor Bourke accepted the Passage of the Church Act (government funding to Churches), recognition of Four Christian denominations which were Church of England, Methodist, Catholic and Presbyterian. 2. The Church Act provided pound-for-pound funding for four churches in NSW to support clergy and education. The churches supported were the Church of England, Catholic, Presbyterian and Methodist. It meant that the Church of England could no longer be considered the ‘state’ church of NSW. 3. Broughton appointed Church of England’s first and only bishop of Australia.

Answer 87

Almost 99% population described themselves as Christian.

Answer 88

The Public Institutions Act withdrew funding from churches.

Answer 89

- fight between irish catholics and british soldiers - catholics began marching in parramatta - the leaders of the rebellion were executed

Answer 90

- first catholic mass celebrated in the colony on 1803 with father john dixon, a convict - it was during this time that the building of st mary’s cathedral began using land grants from the governor

Answer 91

- richard johnson was replaced as church of england minister to the colony by his assistant samuel - he was based in parramatta and owned lots of land - he detested catholics and was a magistrate who subjected them to harsh punishments - he thought that catholics were barely worthy of being called humans - moved to new zealand were he was ironically remembered affectionately

Answer 92

- presbyterian religious leader - large influence on the religious and political life of the colony - first presbyterian minister in sydney - established schools and colleges for local families - encouraged free settlers to come to the colony - moved into politics and worked with parliament (nsw) but was heavily critical of the governor

Answer 93

Caroline Chisholm worked on improving conditions on the ships and arranged for the families of convicts to be transported free to Australia so they could be reunited with their loved ones.

Answer 94

- Mary Helen MacKillop RSJ was an Australian religious sister who has been declared a saint by the Catholic Church, as St Mary of the Cross. - Of Scottish descent, she was born in Melbourne but is best known for her activities in South Australia.

Answer 95

came on the first fleet

Answer 96

- 1901 immigration restriction act - compulsory english language test - test was not compulsory and only done if the immigration officer thought the person was undesirable - south asian australians given a vote in 1925

Answer 97

- chinese religions arrived as early as the 1500s when the southern oceans may have been explored by chinese sailors - strong chinese presence during the gold rush (19th century) - chinese populations were largely made up of followers of folk religions - in 1981 they made up 1.2% of the population but many returned to china - sri lankan buddhists were employed as pearl divers and cane farmers

Answer 98

- afghan camel drivers - muslims lived in ‘ghan towns’ - built a number of mosques - many muslims returned to their countries to rejoin their families

Answer 99

in maree south australia

Answer 100

excessive devotion to a particular sect or religious faith

Answer 101

- conflict between church of england and irish catholics - conflict also arrived within protestantism against - It important to note that much of sectarianism and the English–Irish antagonism also reflected political, cultural, linguistic and ethnic differences as much as religious issues.

Answer 102

- born in ireland - sent to australia as an assistant archbishop - supporter of irish independence - against conscription

Answer 103

- 1945 population: 8 million people - growing awareness of diversity and growing population

Answer 104

- resources for poor people and people who couldn’t work came from the community - christianity in particular had a strong sense of moral conscience - during the great depression, although many were in need, priority was given by churches to church members

Answer 105

- established by edward smith hall in 1813 - ‘The NSW Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and Benevolence’ - one of the earliest social welfare groups in australia - best known for building australia’s first maternity hospital - focus on women and children while also assisting the elderly and the poor

Answer 106

- international society founded in france in 1833 by frederic ozanman - roman catholic organisation - designed to assist the poor - the australian branch began in 1854 - 1895- 26 bases in sydney

Answer 107

- former methodist william booth established the salvos in london to make assistance and religion for accessible to people living in slums - first salvos meeting in australia in 1880 (september 5th) - ran soup kitchens during the depression

Answer 108

national network of care and social justice agencies

Answer 109

- christian groups sent missionaries and community support into rural communities and religious leaders helped develop social services foe these areas - german lutherans were encouraged by their home churches to travel and spread christianity - missionaries helped and sheltered indigenous people who were being poorly treated by white people

Answer 110

- presbyterian reverend john flynn made outstanding contributions to rural australians - he was born in north-west melbourne as was ordained as a minister in 1911 - he was commissioned by the presbyterian church in 1912 to write a report about the problems of offering ministry services to those living in remote areas including: - isolation - poor medical care - poor communication - lack of spiritual guidance and ministry - he was then made superintendent to the australian inland mission

Answer 111

- flynn and clifford peel (WW1 air force) began the royal flying doctors service - other christian churches were also involved in developing ministry in outback australia like the high-church bush brotherhoods (church of england)

Answer 112

- some of the major ethical issue as promoted by various religions focus on bioethical concerns such as abortion and stem cell research - pre 1945 alcoholism was one of the main concerns facing society - wowsers: australian slang for a puritanical fanatic

Answer 113

- term used for those trying to enforce restrictions on alcohol consumption - groups who promoted this include the salvation army and the australian branch of the woman’s christian temperance union - they believed that banning alcohol would keep men from pubs and improving time with families and lessen domestic violence

Answer 114

- created through the 16th century reformation - in australia women can be priests - book of common prayer

Answer 115

- pope - seven sacraments - focus on mary and saints - belief of the literal blood and body

Answer 116

- feature saints as icons - only male priests - eucharist is very important

Answer 117

- encounters with god, divine healing, speaking in tongues - belief that there is no error in the bible

Answer 118

- not a single church but people that oppose catholicism - authority of the bible - two sacraments: baptism and holy communion - clergy can marry