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PRELIM > PRELIM ENVI ENG > Flashcards

PRELIM ENVI ENG Flashcards

1
Q

this term emerged in the 1960s as academic programs in engineering and public health schools expanded, necessitating a more precise title for their curricula and graduates

A

environmental engineer

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2
Q

combines various disciplines, bringing knowledge, skills, and professionalism

A

environmental engineering

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3
Q

who discovered civil engineering and when was it discovered?

A

John Smeaton, 1782

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4
Q

origins trace back to civil engineering, public health, ecology, chemistry, and meteorology

A

environmental engineering

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5
Q

focuses on the greater good

A

ethics

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6
Q

recognized that his profession tended to focus on the construction of public facilities rather than purely military ones

A

John Smeaton

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7
Q

builder of roads, structures, and canals in England

A

John Smeaton

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8
Q

This title was widely adopted by engineers engaged in public works

A

Civil Engineer

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9
Q

Where and when was the first engineering course outside USMA offered?

A

American Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy in 1821

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10
Q

first formal university engineering curriculum in the United States

A

U.S. Military Academy at West Point in 1802

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11
Q

What is now the name of the American Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy?

A

Norwich University

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12
Q

conferred the first truly civil engineering degree in 1835

A

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

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13
Q

it was founded in 1852

A

American Society of Civil Engineers

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14
Q

When was the American Society of Civil Engineers found?

A

1852

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15
Q

When was the American Society of Civil Engineers found?

A

1852

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16
Q

When did Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute conferred the first truly civil engineering degree?

A

1835

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17
Q

When was the report from the Poor Law Commissioners on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain?

A

1842

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18
Q

the identification of filth as both a cause of disease and a vehicle of transmission and the ensuing embrace of cleanliness

A

Great Sanitary Awakening

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19
Q

When was the Great Sanitary Awakening?

A

1850s

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20
Q

Who led the Great Sanitary Awakening?

A

Sir Edwin Chadwick, England
Ludwig Semmelweiss, Austria

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21
Q

defines ecosystems as interdependent populations of organisms interacting with their physical and chemical environment

A

Ecology

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22
Q

defined as interdependent populations of organisms interacting with their physical and chemical environment

A

ecosystems

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23
Q

The populations of the species in an ecosystem do not vary independently but rather fluctuate in an approximate steady state in response to self-regulating or negative feedback

A

Homeostasis

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24
Q

populations are also governed by positive feedback mechanisms that result from changes in the physical, chemical, and biological environment

A

Homeorhesis

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25
Q

can be illustrated by a simple interaction between two populations

A

Homeostatic mechanisms

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26
Q

as a framework for making decisions appeared to be irrelevant to engineering since the engineer generally did precisely what the employer or client required

A

Ethics

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27
Q

committed to high standards of interpersonal and environmental ethics

A

environmental engineers

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28
Q

The aviation industry contributes to greenhouse emission from ground airport vehicles used by the passengers and staff to access the airports, as well as through emissions by the production of energy used in airport terminals, the manufacture of aircraft and the construction of airport infrastructure.

A

Climate Change

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29
Q

most important emitting gas from aircraft due to combustion of fossil fuel which contributes to greenhouse effect

A

Carbon Dioxide

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30
Q

most significant and studied element accelerating climate change

A

Carbon Dioxide

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31
Q

emission is much more dominant and hence increased concentration of O3 enhances the effect of global warming

A

Nitrogen Oxides

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32
Q

one of the products obtained after combustion of hydrocarbons with oxygen; a greenhouse gas

A

water vapor

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33
Q

Water vapor produced by aircraft engines at high altitude, under certain atmospheric conditions, condenses into droplets to form _________

A

condensation trails or contrails

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34
Q

The soot particles emitted from aircraft engines are considered to be most influential for contrail formation

A

particulates

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35
Q

a harmful noise effect produced by various components of an aircraft during its different segment of flight schedule

A

aircraft noise

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36
Q

Three Categories of Aircraft Noise

A

Mechanical Noise, Aerodynamic Noise, System Noise

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37
Q

comes from rotation of engine parts; it becomes most significant when fan blades attain a supersonic tip velocity

A

mechanical noise

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38
Q

Q
This type of noise is again important at low altitudes where air density is higher

A

aerodynamic noise

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39
Q

supersonic tip velocity

A

buzz saw noise

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40
Q

affected by the shape of nose and canopy of the aircraft

A

aerodynamic noise

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41
Q

Two Categories of Aerodynamic Noise

A

bluff body noise, edge noise

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42
Q

Alternating vortex shedding from either side of a bluff body creates a low pressure region at the core of the shed vortices, which results in generating pressure waves

A

bluff body noise

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43
Q

When turbulent flow passes through the trailing edge of an aircraft wing or through the clearance area of the high lift devices (HLD) attached to the wing, then fluctuations in pressure propagate as sound waves (Tollemin-Schlichting wave) radially downwards

A

edge noise

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44
Q

What is the sound wave in edge noise called?

A

Tollemin-Schlichting wave

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45
Q

possible solutions to reduce the environmental impact of aircraft noise

A

technological advancements (engine design and location), regulations

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46
Q

generated from various systems of aircraft as cockpit, cabin pressurization, conditioning systems and Auxiliary Power Units (APU)

A

system noise

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47
Q

possible solutions to reduce the environmental impact of climate change

A

aircraft efficiency, operating efficiency, alternative fuels, electric propulsion, regulations

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48
Q

What does NEPA stand for?

A

National Environmental Policy Act

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49
Q

Who signed NEPA into law?

A

President Richard Nixon

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50
Q

requires that environmental impact be assessed whenever a federal action will have an environmental impact, as well as requiring that alternatives be considered

A

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

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51
Q

When was NEPA signed into law?

A

January 1,1970

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52
Q

Q
On January 1,1970, President Richard Nixon signed NEPA into law, setting a national policy to encourage ___________ between people and their environment.

A

productive and enjoyable harmony

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53
Q

What does FONSI stand for?

A

Finding of No Significant Impact

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54
Q

Such a stand-alone finding results when potential environmental impacts are compared to a checklist of significant impacts, with the result that no significant impact can be identified.

A

Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI)

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55
Q

detailed assessment of potential environmental impact resulting in one of two conclusions: either the EA must be expanded to a full-scale environmental impact statement or a FONSI results from the EA.

A

Environmental Assessment (EA)

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56
Q

What does EA stand for?

A

Environmental Assessment

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57
Q

must assess in detail the potential environmental impacts of a proposed action and alternative actions

A

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)

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58
Q

What does DEIS stand for?

A

Draft Environmental Impact Statement

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59
Q

issued by the appropriate federal agency

A

Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS)

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60
Q

What does FEIS stand for?

A

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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61
Q

After mandated public hearings and incorporation of comments, the federal agency issues a ________

A

Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS)

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62
Q

includes the final decision about the project, the alternative chosen, and any value judgments

A

Record of Decision (ROD)

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63
Q

What does ROD stand for?

A

Record of Decision

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64
Q

interpretation of these findings, which is often done concurrently with estimating impacts

A

evaluation

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65
Q

Four Distinct Phases of Writing an Environmental Asssessment

A

Scoping, Inventory, Assessment, Evaluation

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66
Q

scope or extent of the assessment

A

scoping

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67
Q

cataloging of environmentally susceptible areas and activities, including socioeconomically impacted areas

A

inventory

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68
Q

process of estimating the impact of the alternatives, including cumulative impacts, and the impacts of a “no action” alternative

A

assessment

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69
Q

What does GEIS stand for?

A

Generic Environmental Impact Statement

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70
Q

What does PEIS stand for?

A

Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement

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71
Q

refers to the impact assessment for an extended or multifaceted project

A

Generic Environmental Impact Statement (GEIS)

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72
Q

refers to an assessment for an entire program

A

Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS)

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73
Q

refers to the process of calculating projected effects that a proposed action or construction project will have on environmental quality

A

Environmental Assessment

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74
Q

Semi-Quantitative Approaches of Environmental Assessment

A

Checklist, Interaction Matrix, Checklist with weighted rankings

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75
Q

these are lists of potential environmental impacts, both primary and secondary

A

checklists

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76
Q

occurs as a direct result of the proposed project, such as the effect of dam on aquatic life

A

primary effects

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77
Q

It will list direct impacts owning to noise, water pollution resulting from runoff, energy use, etc., and indirect impacts owing to regional development, housing, lifestyle, and economic development.

A

operation phase

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78
Q

occurs as an indirect result of the action, such that an interchange for a highway may not directly affect wildlife, but indirectly it will draw such establishments as service stations and quick food stores, thus changing land use patterns

A

secondary effects

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79
Q

This will include displacement of people, noise, soil erosion, air and water pollution, and energy use

A

construction phase

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80
Q

Consideration is given to the environmental effects of the highway route and the acquisition and condemnation of property

A

planning phase

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81
Q

What is 0 in the arbitrary scale?

A

no impact

82
Q

What is 1 in the arbitrary scale?

A

minimal impact

83
Q

What is 2 in the arbitrary scale?

A

small impact

84
Q

What is 3 in the arbitrary scale?

A

moderate impact

85
Q

What is 5 in the arbitrary scale?

A

severe impact

86
Q

What is 4 in the arbitrary scale?

A

significant impact

87
Q

refers to a two-dimensional listing of existing characteristics and conditions of the environment and detailed proposed actions that may affect the environment

A

interaction matrix

88
Q

represents the extent of the interaction between the environmental characteristics and the proposed actions and typically may be measured

A

magnitude

89
Q

often a judgment call on the part of the engineer

A

importance of the interaction

90
Q

Sections an EA or EIS is usually organized

A

introduction, description of the proposed action and alternatives, description of the environment affected by the proposed action, evaluation

91
Q

Provides an overview of the proposed project, alternative actions, and the assessment methods that will be used

A

introduction

92
Q

Describes the proposed project and all of the alternatives that need to be considered, including the “no action” alternative

A

description of the proposed action and alternatives

93
Q

often includes a summary of the most critical and important results of the assessment; can often serve as an executive summary of the EA or EIS

A

introduction

94
Q

Description is best organized by listing environmental parameters that could be impacted by the proposed alternative, grouping them into logical sets

A

description of the environment affected by the proposed action

95
Q

Out of hands of the engineers and scientists responsible for the inventory and assessment phases

A

evaluation

96
Q

responsible governmental agency ultimately uses the environmental assessment to justify the record of decision

A

evaluation

97
Q

may be calculated for all checklist items that have a quantitative scale, like aesthetics or historical objects, a scale based on qualitative considerations may be generated by an expert in the particular area

A

Environmental Quality Index (EQI)

98
Q

What does EQI stand for?

A

Environmental Quality Index

99
Q

importance unit to each parameter

A

Parameter Importance Units (PIU)

100
Q

What does PIU stand for?

A

Parameter Importance Units

101
Q

refers to the product of EQI and PIU

A

Environmental Impact Unit (EIU)

102
Q

What does EIU stand for?

A

Environmental Impact Unit

103
Q

formula for EIU

A

EIU = PIU x EQI

104
Q

provides a method for comparing low-probability, high consequence impacts with high-probability, low-consequence impacts

A

risk analysis

105
Q

allows assessment of future uncertain impacts, and incorporates uncertainty into the assessment

A

risk analysis

106
Q

generally preferred since the overhead costs of financing GO bonds are lower and their greater security allows them to be offered at a lower rate of interest

A

General Obligation (GO) bond

107
Q

Two-Step Procedure in Considering Impacts of Proposed Projects

A

define capital requirements of each alternative, apply financial classification criteria

108
Q

Sample Ratios of Estimates of Market-Acceptable Thresholds

A

debt/capital - 300

debt/capita as percentage of per capita income - 7%

debt/full property value - 4.5%

109
Q

Empirical studies have shown that bond offerings by cities that exceed all __________ debt ratios are not likely to be successful.

A

three

110
Q

refers to the second component of an economic impact assessment

A

Analyses of Projected Increase in User Changes

111
Q

collection of laws and regulations pertaining to air quality, water quality, the wilderness, endangered wildlife and other environmental factors

A

Environmental Legislation

112
Q

common goal is regulating the interaction between man and the natural world to reduce threats to the environment and increase public health

A

umbrella of environmental legislation

113
Q

enacted by the Congress to establish a national policy for the environment and provide for the establishment of the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)

A

NEPA

114
Q

What does CEQ stand for?

A

Council on Environmental Quality

115
Q

Who and when was NEPA signed into law?

A

President Richard Nixon, January 1,1970

116
Q

first major environmental law in the US and is often called the _____ of Federal environmental laws

A

NEPA, Magna Carta

117
Q

What section of NEPA sets forth a national policy “to use all practicable means and measures, including financial and technical assistance, in a manner calculated to foster and promote the general welfare, to create and maintain conditions under which man and nature can exist in a productive harmony, and fulfill the social, economic, and other requirements of present and future generations of Americans?”

A

Section 101

118
Q

What section of NEPA established procedural requirements, applying that national policy to proposals for major Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment by requiring Federal agencies to prepare a detailed statement?

A

Section 102

119
Q

In Section 102 of NEPA, what for is the detailed statement?

A

the environmental impact of the proposed action

any adverse effects that cannot be avoided

alternatives to the proposed action

relationship between short-term use of

environment and long-term maintainability and enhancement

any irretrievable commitments of resources involved

120
Q

NEPA ensures agencies consider the significant environmental consequences of their proposed actions and inform the public about their _______.

A

decision making

121
Q

Where did NEPA establish CEQ to ensure that Federal agencies meet their obligations under NEPA?

A

within the Executive Office of the President

122
Q

Countries and non-governmental organizations all over the globe have created their own environmental impact assessment programs, modeled upon NEPA, making NEPA an ________ in the field of environmental protection.

A

international catalyst

123
Q

oversees NEPA implementation

A

Council on Environmental Quality CEQ)

124
Q

also reviews and approves Federal agency NEPA procedures, approves alternative arrangements for compliance with NEPA for emergencies, and helps to resolve disputes between Federal agencies and with other governmental entities and members of the public

A

Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)

125
Q

one of its major responsibilities is to develop and recommend national policies to the President that promote the improvement of environmental quality and meet the Nation’s goal

A

Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)

126
Q

Oversees implementations through issuing guidance and creating
regulations regarding the NEPA process/procedure

A

CEQ

127
Q

Facilitates interagency coordination to resolve environmental issues
present

A

CEQ

128
Q

Established to ensure that federal agencies meet their obligations
under NEPA

A

CEQ

129
Q

Develop and promote environmental policies and initiatives

A

CEQ

130
Q

CEQ comprehensively updated its NEPA implementing regulations ____ CFR Parts ______

A

40, 1500-1508

131
Q

Why did CEQ comprehensively update its NEPA implementing regulations?

A

modernize provisions, streamline infrastructure project development, promote better decision making by the Federal government

132
Q

when was the final rule CEQ published?

A

July 16, 2020

133
Q

begins when a federal agency develops a proposal to take a major federal action

A

NEPA process

134
Q

when did the final rule CEQ become effective?

A

September 14, 2020

135
Q

What is NEPA?

A

National Environmental Policy Act

136
Q

3 Different Levels of analysis in NEPA Review Process

A

Categorical Exclusion Determination (CATEX), Environmental Assessment/Finding of No Significant Impact (EA/FONSI), Environmental Impact Assessment (EIS)

137
Q

A federal action may be “_______” from a detailed environmental analysis when the federal action normally does not have a significant effect on the human environment.

A

categorically excluded

138
Q

A proposal can be considered in this level if it has been proven that
the proposed action does not have a significant effect on the
environment.

A

Categorical Exclusion Determination (CATEX)

139
Q

A proposal can be considered CATEX due to the reason that the action has been _________ or by common sense that it will not result to a significant impact.

A

implemented already in the past

140
Q

What does CATEX mean?

A

Categorical Exclusion Determination

141
Q

Examples of CATEX

A

Research and Data Collection, Routine Activities

142
Q

conducted to identify whether the proposed action will have a
significant environmental impact or not by means of evaluating these
potential effects and alternatives given

A

Environmental Assessment (EA)

143
Q

includes purpose and need of the
proposed action, environmental impacts, alternatives, and list of
agencies consulted

A

Environmental Assessment (EA)

144
Q

determines whether or not a federal action has the potential to cause significant environmental effects

A

Environmental Assessment

145
Q

The EA includes a brief discussion of:

A

the purpose and need for the proposed action

alternatives (as req’d by section 102(2)(E) of NEPA)

the environmental impacts of the proposed action and alternatives

a listing of agencies and persons consulted

146
Q

What will be issued by the agency if the agency determines that the action will not have significant environmental impacts?

A

Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI)

147
Q

document that presents the reasons why the agency has concluded that there are no significant environmental impacts projected to occur upon implementation of the action

A

FONSI

148
Q

What does FONSI stand for?

A

Finding of No Significant Impact

149
Q

What will be prepared if the EA determines that the environmental impacts of a proposed Federal action will be significant?

A

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)

150
Q

What does EIS stand for?

A

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)

151
Q

Upon issuance of _____, the proposed action may be carried out.

A

FONSI

152
Q

informing public about the environmental analysis

A

initiation

153
Q

The regulatory requirements for an ____ are more detailed and rigorous than that of an EA.

A

EIS

154
Q

EIS process

A

initiation, drafting of EIS, Final EIS, Issuance of Record of Decision

155
Q

published for public review for at least 45 days

A

Drafting of EIS

156
Q

explains the decision, alternatives
considered, and plans for mitigation

A

Issuance of Record of Decision

157
Q

final environmental analysis

A

final EIS

158
Q

starts the scoping process

A

Notice of Intent

159
Q

provides responses to substantive comments

A

Final EIS

160
Q

EPA publishes a ______ in the Federal Register, announcing the availability of both draft and final EISs to the public.

A

Notice of Availability

161
Q

period in which the federal agency and the public collaborate to define the range of issues and potential alternatives to be addressed in the EIS

A

scoping process

162
Q

Where does an agency publish a Notice of Intent?

A

Federal Register

163
Q

What does ROD stand for?

A

Record of Decision

164
Q

What is included in an EIS?

A

Cover Sheet;
Summary;
Table of Contents;
Purpose and need statement;
Alternatives;
Affected environment;
Environmental consequences;
Submitted alternative, information, and analyses;
List of preparers;
Appendices

165
Q

explains the agency’s decision; describes the alternatives the agency considered; discusses the agency’s plans for mitigation and monitoring, if necessary

A

Record of Decision (ROD)

166
Q

including the major conclusions, area of disputed issues, and the issues to be resolved.

A

Summary

167
Q

Assists the reader in navigating through the EIS

A

Table of Contents

168
Q

Explains the reason the agency is proposing the action and what the agency expects to achieve

A

Purpose and need statement

169
Q

Describes the environment of the area to be affected by the alternatives under consideration

A

Affected environment

170
Q

A summary that identifies all alternatives, information, and analyses submitted by state, tribal, and local governments and other public commenters for consideration during the scoping process or in developing the final EIS.

A

Submitted alternative, information, and analyses

171
Q

A discussion of the environmental effects and their significance.

A

Environmental consequences

172
Q

Consideration of a reasonable range of alternatives that can accomplish the purpose and need of the proposed action.

A

Alternatives

173
Q

A list of the names and qualifications of the persons who were primarily responsible for preparing the EIS.

A

List of preparers

174
Q

provide background materials prepared
in connection with the EIS

A

Appendices

175
Q

When is a supplement to the EIS required?

A

changes in project design, new information, revisions in regulatory requirements

176
Q

What is Article 1 Section 2 of PD 1586?

A

Objectives

177
Q

What is PD 1586?

A

Environmental Impact Statement of 1978

178
Q

What is Article 1 of PD 1586?

A

Basic Policy, Operating Principles, Objectives, and Definition of Terms

179
Q

What is Article 1 Section 1 of PD 1586?

A

Basic Policy and Operating Principles

180
Q

What is RA 6969?

A

Toxic Substances, Hazardous, and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990

181
Q

What is Chapter 1 of RA 6969?

A

General Provisions

182
Q

this law aims to regulate, restrict, or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale, distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures that present unreasonable risk to human health

A

RA 6969 Toxic Substances, Hazardous, and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990

183
Q

What is Chapter 1 Section 2 of RA 6969?

A

Declaration Policy

184
Q

What is Chapter 3 Section 12 of RA 6969?

A

Composition of the Inter-Agency Technical Advisory Council

185
Q

What is Chapter 2 of RA 6969?

A

Administrative Provision

186
Q

Who is the Chairman of the Inter-Agency Technical Advisory Council?

A

Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources

187
Q

What is Chapter 2 Section 7 of RA 6969?

A

Powers and functions of the Department of the Environment and Natural Resources

188
Q

What is Chapter 3 of RA 6969?

A

Inter-Agency Technical Advisory Council

189
Q

The representative from the NGO shall be appointed by the President for a term of ____ years.

A

3 years`

190
Q

This law aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets the National Air Quality guideline values for criteria pollutants, throughout the Philippines, while minimizing the possible associated impacts to the economy.

A

RA 8749 Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999

191
Q

What is RA 8749?

A

Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999

192
Q

expected ratio of the number of Board reps from gov’t agencies to those from non-gov’t agencies or orgs

A

60/40

193
Q

What is RA 9003?

A

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000

194
Q

This law aims to adopt a systematic, comprehensive, and ecological solid waste management program that shall ensure the protection of public health and environment.

A

RA 9003 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000

195
Q

There shall be two Deputy Chairpersons, namely, the _______ and ________ in the region where the airshed is located.

A

Department Regional Executive
Director and Regional Director

196
Q

This law ensures proper segregation, collection, storage, treatment, and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adaptation of best eco-waste products.

A

RA 9003 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000

197
Q

prepares the National Solid Waste Management Framework

A

National Solid Waste Management Commission

198
Q

What is RA 9275?

A

Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

199
Q

This law aims to protect the country’s water bodies from pollution from land-based sources.

A

RA 9275 Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

200
Q

Compositional and Organizational Set-up of the Board (RA 8749 Part 5 Rule 15 Section 5)

A

a. Provincial Governors from areas belonging to the airshed
b. City or Municipal Mayors from areas belonging to the airshed
c. a representative from each concerned government agency
d. representatives from people’s organizations
e. representatives from NGOs
f. representatives from the private sector

201
Q

Members of the Inter-Agency Technical Advisory Council

A

representative from NGO on health and safety
Director of Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
Secretary of:
- Health
- Trade and Industry
- Science and Technology
- National Defense
- Foreign Affairs
- Labor and Employment
- Finance
- Agriculture

202
Q

Formula of Environmental Impact Unit?

A

EIU = PIU x EQI

PRELIM (4 decks)

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