Prelim- Chapter 2

Question 1

The reaction of an individual to his environment is called behavior. Through the researches of Coghill, Carmichael, Gesell, and many others, it has been shown that the individual makes a defined response of his neuro-motor system to a specific situation. This response is the result of maturation and experience, and is the authentic end product of a total developmental process which works with orderly sequence neurological pattern of organization.

Answer 1

Behavior Patter

Question 2

Psychologists estimate that 80 percent of the information we obtain from our external environment is by means of our visual pattern. It is the most important portion of the behavior pattern. It is understood that the visual pattern is not separate from the behavior pattern, but rather that it is an important integrated section of its activity. The importance of the visual pattern to the survival of the organism is obvious when we compare the behavior of a person with his eyes closed with his behavior when his eyes are open. It is the dominant sense given to man.

Answer 2

Visual Pattern

Question 3

external receptors for the visual mechanism.

Answer 3

Eye

Question 4

The photic stimulus in the eye is converted by means of a________ reaction into electrical impulses in the rods and cones. These electrical impulses proceed to the mid-brain where integration of visual, auditory, kinesthetic and auricular impulses occur.

Answer 4

photochemical

Question 5

Modification of the visual impulses occurs at three levels.

Answer 5

First, the integrative action of the retina. Polyak has declared that the retina is as complex an integrative center as the brain itself.

Second, integrative action between the various types of receptor impulses at the mid-brain level.

Third, modification of the visual pattern by past experience and emotion of the organism at the cortical level.

Question 6

Patterns

Answer 6

Behavior pattern
Visual pattern
Accommodative pattern
Corvergence-Pattern.
Accommodation-Convergence Pattern.

Question 7

______is the mechanism of focusing, designated in its postural set-up by the measurable light value brought to a focus congenial to interpretation. Accommodation is a lenticular-retinal-cortical process which is used by the organism to obtain clear vision.

Answer 7

Accommodation

Question 8

Developmental research reveals that binocular vision’ develops in the following sequence:

Answer 8

(1) fxation;
(2) coordinated vertical move-ments;
(3) convergence;
(4) monocular accommodation;
(5) binocular accommodation.

Question 9

Phylogenetic and embryologic considerations reveal that accommodation is more ancient and developed prior to con-vergence,

Answer 9

True

Question 10

The act of accommodation is a complex pattern which is made up of many subpatterns. Some of these subpatterns can be identified. They are:

Answer 10

tonic accommodation
aberrational accommodation
convergence accommodation
psychic accommodation.

Question 11

is the lenticular poise under the conditions of far-point fixation with maximum inhibition to activity.

Answer 11

Tonic accommodation

Question 12

is the range of performance in the accommodative pattern due to the modification in the flux conoid because of spherical and chromatic aberration.

Answer 12

Aberrational accommodation

Question 13

is the effect of convergence upon the accommodative pattern. Its magnitude is equal to that of accommodative convergence.

Answer 13

Convergence accommodation

Question 14

There is thus an innervational flow between accommodation and convergence which helps to stabilize the accommodative_____ and the convergence poise at any moment.

Answer 14

poise

Question 15

is the amount of lenticular accommodation in action due to the emotional and psychological reaction of the subject to the surrounding environment.

Answer 15

Psychic accommodation

Question 16

provides the mechanism with maintaining single vision.

controls the posturing of the eyes in their orbits and the centering of the total organism in its total environ-ment.

Answer 16

Convergence pattern

Question 17

This nearest point of single vision is called the________

Answer 17

near-point of convergence.

Question 18

The near-point of convergence is usually expressed in

Answer 18

inches or diopters.

Question 19

is the position of the visual axes under conditions of dissociation with farpoint fixation. These are the maximum conditions for inhibition to convergence.

Answer 19

Tonic convergence

Question 20

is the range of performance in the convergence pattern due to Panum’s area. It is a psycho-physiological range in the convergence pattern.

Answer 20

Fusional convergence

Question 21

is that amount of convergence in action due to the innervation from accommodation.

Answer 21

Accommodative convergence

Question 22

is that amount of convergence stimulated, because of the emotional and psychological reaction of the subject, to the surrounding environment.

Answer 22

Psychic convergence

Question 23

The buffer area in the accommodative pattern is called

Answer 23

hyperopia

Question 24

The buffer area in the convergence pattern is called

Answer 24

exophoria Hyperopia

Question 25

Hyperopia operates to protect the mechanism of accommodation against changes taking place between the patterns of accommodation and convergence.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Hyperopia exists in the central nervous system. It is measured by the change in the accommodative mechanism induced by a plus lens which does not create an undesirable change in the pattern of convergence.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Exophoria éxists in the central nervous system. It is measured by the amount of_____ required to align two dissociated images.

Answer 27

prism base-in

Question 28

Exophoria is a developmental or maturational relationship within the visual behavior pattern to protect_____

Answer 28

convergence performance.

Question 29

Any increased dominance in the voluntary (skeletal) or autonomic nervous system will cause increased_____ proceeding to the accommodative and convergence patterns.

Answer 29

stimulation

Question 30

If increased stimulation is maintained despite the complete absorption of the existing buffer areas (exophoria and hyperopia), the organism must actively inhibit this stimulation.

This is an emergency condition to cope with this problem since clear and single binocular vision must be maintained for organismic survival.
This active state of inhibition in the convergence pattern is called _____.

Answer 30

esophoria

Question 31

The organism utilizes these areas of tolerance (____) to preserve the status quo of the visual pattern.

Answer 31

exophoria and hyper-
opia

Question 32

Muscles and glands respond only when they have received efferent impulses from the central nervous system.

Contraction or shortening of a muscle group can occur only when the proper innervational command has been forwarded from the central nervous system.

Therefore, the overt movement of the eyeglobes which we objectively observe when the patient has been dissociated must be due to the innervational pattern issuing from the central nervous system. It can, therefore, be said that exophoria and hyperopia exist in the central nervous system.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

a. Exophoria is measured by the amount of prism base-in required to align the dissociated images.
b. Exophoria exists in the central nervous. system.
c. Exophoria operates to protect the integrity of the mechanism of convergence against changes taking place between the components of the visual pattern.

Question 34

a. Hyperopia is measured by the change in accommodation produced by means of plus lenses without producing an undesirable change in the pattern of convergence.
b. Hyperopia exists in the central nervous system.
c. Hyperopia operates to protect the mechanism of accommodation against changes. taking place between the components of the visual pattern.

Question 35

As long as single and clear binocular vision is being maintained by the organism, the buffer areas in the brain of exophoria and hyperopia will function solely as a means for compensating for the shifts in dominance between the skeletal and visceral nervous systems.

Whenever we interfere with the existence of single binocular or clear vision with our probe bodies (lenses and prisms), these innervational patterns are no longer locked up within the central nervous system and these impulses will proceed to the exteroceptors and cause the overt action which we measure as exophoria (with base-in prism) or hyperopia (with plus lenses).

Answer 35

True

Question 36

If the organism is forced to maintain concentration for prolonged periods within a restricted area at near, the size of these buffer areas will gradually decrease.

When these buffer areas have been completely utilized, we will have the condition of emmetropia and orthophoria.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

is not merely the lack of exophoria; it is also a condition of equilibrium.

Answer 37

Orthophoria

Question 38

is a dynamic condition which can be reached by a visual problem because of the absorption of the original maturational developed exophoria, or the organism has just managed to eliminate an existing condition of esophoria.

Answer 38

Orthophoria

Question 39

Emmetropia is not merely a passive stage, but rather a _____ condition. It can represent the inefficient downward progression from hyperopia, or it can represent the recovery from a condition of minus projection. Since there is no latitude of performance available, these equilibrium states of orthophoria and emmetropia, are undesirable conditions. Optometrically, we desire to shift the trend toward adequate development of hyperopia and exophoria.

Answer 39

dynamic pivot

Question 40

What is it (process)
identification (covert pattern)
accommodation (overt pattern)

Question 41

The greater the demand for precise identification of the target, ie., smaller the print, the more difficult the vocabulary and/or the subjects unfamiliarity with the material, the greater the amount of accommodation that will be stimulated. This is easily observed by means of book retino-scopy, wherein we observe the retinoscopic reflex as the patient reads material at various grade levels. If we give a child with a reading level of the third grade second grade reading material, we will observe a
“with” motion by means of the retinoscope.