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BIOEE 1610 > Prelim 3 > Flashcards

Prelim 3 Flashcards

1
Q

bio/eco centric interest in biodiversity

A

intrinsic value, consequences for sustainability of communities and ecosystems

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2
Q

Anthropocentric interest in biodiversity

A

practical consequences of the loss of diversity for humans (including inspiration)

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3
Q

Elton’s observation of biodiversity in communities

A

simple communities are more easily upset than richer ones

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4
Q

taxonomic scales of diversity

A
  • species (all are equal)
  • functional groups (among species)
  • phylogenetic (among species)
  • genotypes (within species)
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5
Q

the narrower the resource partitioning, the (……) the number of species can exist

A

greater

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6
Q

mechanisms maintaining local diversity

A
  • microhabitat partitioning
  • food-type partitioning
  • temporal partitioning
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7
Q

complementarity

A

as diversity increases, there will be greater community function, often through greater resource use (at a certain point there is redundancy in function)

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8
Q

ecosystem services derived from function include

A
  • provision of materials
  • cultural and psycho-spiritual well-being
  • supporting services
  • regulating services
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9
Q

positive effects of diversity

A
  • drought resistance
  • primary production
  • resistance to invasion
  • crop protection
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10
Q

positive effects of diversity: insurance effect

A

different species/genotypes/functional groups do better under different conditions

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11
Q

positive effects of diversity: negative covariance effect

A

in stressful environments, when one does well, others suffer

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12
Q

positive effects of diversity:

emergent/interaction effects

A

those benefits of diversity that cannot be predicted by species traits, but emerge from diversity per se, or interactions among the species

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13
Q

disturbance

A

a relatively discrete event in time and space that changes the structure of species composition, resource availability, and the physical environment

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14
Q

succession

A

a gradual change in community structure and ecosystem function over time, initiated by a disturbance

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15
Q

secondary succession

A

succession after disturbance that kills most species, but leaves behind some species, propagules (seedbank), or organic matter from prior ecosystem (post fire, hurricane, ice storm, logging, agriculture)

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16
Q

primary succession

A

succession on newly exposed mineral substrate, or after disturbances that remove virtually all traces of the prior ecosystem (living species and organic matter)
(lava flows, landslides, or after glacial melting)

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17
Q

chronosequence

A

a group of related communities that differ in development due to differences in age (space for time substitution)

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18
Q

mechanisms of succession: facilitation

A

one species helps the other species grow after a disturbance….early species pave the way for later ones

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19
Q

mechanisms of succession:

inhibition

A

once a colonist becomes established, it inhibits growth of subsequent arrivals by monopolizing space/resources

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20
Q

mechanisms of succession:

tolerance

A

late arriving species tolerate the presence of early species and grow despite the presence of early species because they are better competitors

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21
Q

characteristics of early successional plants

A

many seeds, small seed size, low root:shoot ratio, fast growth rate, small mature size, wind seed dispersal

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22
Q

characteristics of late successional plants

A

few seeds, large seed size, high root:shoot ratio, slow growth rate, large mature size, animal seed dispersal

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23
Q

pioneer community/early species

A

the first community, in a successional sequence of communities, to be established following a disturbance

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24
Q

climax community/late species

A

a community that occurs late in succession whose populations remain stable until disrupted by disturbance

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25
Q

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

at low frequency of disturbance/small disturbance, species diversity is low because of competitive exclusion (K species dominate). At high frequency of disturbance/large disturbance, few taxa can tolerate environment and r species dominate. in the middle, mix of r and K and a lot of species diversity

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26
Q

island biogeography: immigration rate

A

immigration rate declines as the number of species on the island approaches the number of species in the mainland species pool

27
Q

island biogeography: extinction rate

A

extinction rates increase as the number of species on the island approaches the number of species in the mainland species pool

28
Q

distance from mainland

A

as distinct from mainland increases, the equilibrium number of species on the island decreases

29
Q

island size

A

as island size increases, the equilibrium number of species increases

30
Q

immigration rates are expected to be _______for islands that are close to the mainland source pool

A

higher

31
Q

extinction rates are expected to be ______for larger islands than smaller islands

A

lower

32
Q

3 hypotheses of distributions of organisms

A
  • convergence
  • vicariance
  • dispersal
33
Q

vicariance

A

splitting of one contiguous population into two or more ranges, and often results from geologic events

34
Q

latitudinal patterns of species diversity

A

species richness tends to increase towards equator

35
Q

hypothesis for latitudinal gradient: habitat diversity and area and stable climate

A

area is large and climate is stable in tropics, promoting speciation and reducing extinction

36
Q

hypothesis for latitudinal gradient: diversification rate

A

evolutionary rate (and mutation) is faster, due to higher temperatures and light effects on metabolism

37
Q

hypothesis for latitudinal gradient: diversification time

A

historically the trophic covered more of earth’s surface. glaciation disproportionately impacted temperate areas. temperate species may be phylogenetically derived from tropical ancestors

38
Q

hypothesis for latitudinal gradient: productivity promotes diversity

A

productivity (production of biomass) is highest in the tropics, and this estimates energy available for the whole community

39
Q

umbrella species

A

cover ecosystems (conservation of umbrella species conserves others)

40
Q

charismatic species

A

societal attention

41
Q

8 biomes

A

desert, taiga, temperate forest, temperate grassland, tropical rain forest, tropical savanna, tropical seasonal forest, tundra

42
Q

convergent evolution

A

selective pressure of climate leading to similar evolutionary outcomes, not necessary any common taxonomic/genetic background

43
Q

pool/stock units

A

g/m^2

44
Q

flux rate

A

g m^-2 y^-1

45
Q

Gross primary production (GPP)

A

total rate of CO2 fixed into carbohydrate per unit time (total ecosystem photosynthesis)

46
Q

autotroph respiration (RA)

A

respiration by autotrophs

47
Q

net primary production (NPP)

A

net rate of organic matter fixation by autotrophs
NPP=GPP-RA
represents the total amount of new organic matter available for consumption by higher trophic levels

48
Q

heterotroph respiration (RH)

A

respiration by heterotrophs

49
Q

Net ecosystem production (NEP)

A

net rate of organic matter accumulation in an ecosystem
NEP=NPP-RH
NEP=GPP-RA-RH

50
Q

eddy covariance

A

measures fluxes of CO2 going into and out from the top of a plant canopy
NEP=GPP-Re

51
Q

which biomes display the greatest NPP per unit area?

A

tropics forest, wetlands, algal bed and reef, temperate forest

52
Q

which biomes display the greatest NPP in Total earth?

A

tropical forest, open ocean, temperate forest

53
Q

terrestrial NPP increases with

A

actual evapotranspiration

54
Q

terrestrial and ocean NPP values _____

A

are similar

55
Q

where do nutrients needed for primary production come from

A

recycled within ecosystem, small part comes from atmospheric deposition and newly added via weathering

56
Q

plants limit their nutrient loss with

A
  • reducing tissue turnover

- nutrient resorption–translocation

57
Q

biological N fixation

A

inputs: stable N2 gas (inorganic)
outputs: organic N that can be absorbed by plants

58
Q

denitrification

A

input: NO3- (nitrate)
output: N2
byproduct: N2O (greenhouse gas)

59
Q

nitrification

A

input: NH4+ (ammonium)
output: NO3- (nitrate)
byproduct: (NO2)
bacterially driven process

60
Q

mineralization

A
  • mineralization by bacteria makes N bio-available

- recycling of nitrogen always greater than rate of N fixation

61
Q

problems with N cycle

A

creation of reactive biologically available forms of nitrogen cause acidification and fertilization

62
Q

eutrophication steps

A

1) more N=greater biomass to facilitate dominant species
2) greater biomass=more dead matter
3) heterotrophic consumption is amplified, resulting in higher CO2
4) low O2 entering hypoxia, bad for animals

63
Q

phosphorus cycle

A

no gas transfers, phosphorus stays in same oxidation-reduction state

BIOEE 1610 (3 decks)

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