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BIOEE 1610 > Prelim #1 > Flashcards

Prelim #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of a single species that live in a particular area and interact with on another

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2
Q

community

A

an association of interacting populations of different species that live in the same area

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3
Q

ecosystem

A

a community of organism plus the physical environment in which they live

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4
Q

biosphere

A

all living organisms on earth plus the environments in which they live

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5
Q

Observational Studies: Pros vs Cons

A

(measure existing patterns, associations between variables of interest)

pros: realism; generate hypothesis
cons: hard to isolate cause and effect

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6
Q

Controlled Experiments:

Pros vs. Cons

A

(manipulate variables of interest, compare response to control)

pro: isolates cause and effect
con: often less realistic conditions

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7
Q

Take-away from oaks to Lyme disease case study

A

higher acorn production increases mammal foraging, which leads to high tick populations, increasing Lyme disease risk to humans (more acorns due to less moths which are result of mice)

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8
Q

Evolution: Who has the highest fitness?

A

person with most offspring…fitness measured by reproductive success

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9
Q

What are the three assertions for evolution by natural selection (excess of individuals, intraspecific competition)?

A
  1. variation in phenotypes
  2. heritability of phenotypes
  3. phenotype correlated with fitness
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10
Q

Phenotype is function of genetics and the environment (equation)

A

P=G+E+(GxE)

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11
Q

Macroevolution

A

over time, we can get very large changes in populations of organisms…if 2 populations are genetically isolated and change enough (so that they can’t reproduce together) they are different species

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12
Q

Microevolution

A

small scale changes

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13
Q

spatial variation

A

variation from place to place (at one time)

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14
Q

temporal variation

A

variation from time to time (at one place)

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15
Q

thermoregulation equation

A

HNET=HAR- HRR+/- HCOND+/-HCONV - HEVAP+ HMET

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16
Q

Homeotherms

A

maintain constant temperature

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17
Q

Poikilotherms

A

body temperature subject to the environment

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18
Q

ectotherms

A

depend largely on external sources of heat

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19
Q

endotherms

A

regulate their body temperature by producing heat

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20
Q

Bergmann’s rule

A

within a broadly distributed genus, larger species are found in colder climates and smaller species are found in warmer regions

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21
Q

As edge/diam increases…

A

SA/Volume decreases

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22
Q

What about limbs and appendages?

A

less/smaller appendages will have lower sa:vol…greatest heat loss will be from shape with lots of SA:VOL

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23
Q

As ratio of red: far red decreases, stem elongation….because….

A

increase because plants think that there is competition for light

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24
Q

where are plant’s eyes? how do we know?

A

stem; experiment that blinded stem had no shade response (stem elongation) compared to control

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25
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy is not created nor destroyed by normal chemical means

26
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

when energy is transferred or transformed, part of the energy is lost as heat

27
Q

Photosynthesis inputs/outputs

A

inputs: co2, h2o, light
outputs: glucose, oxygen

28
Q

respiration inputs/outputs

A

inputs: o2, glucose
outputs: co2, ATP, water

29
Q

C3 photosynthesis

A

most common photosynthesis pathway

30
Q

C4 photosynthesis

A

plants in hot areas: more efficient CO2 uptake…occurs in different compartments

31
Q

CAM photosynthesis

A

plants in hot/dry areas, often succulents…uncoupled processes in plants. open stomates at night when it is cool, get CO2, trap it

32
Q

net primary production (NPP)

A

the total amount of organic matter available for consumption by higher trophic levels

33
Q

Consumption efficiency

A

% of NPP consumed

34
Q

assimilation efficiency

A

% of ingested food assimilated by an organism

35
Q

production efficiency

A

% of assimilated mass that becomes new biomass

36
Q

trophic efficiency

A

% of energy from one trophic level acquired by trophic level above and incorporated into biomass (about ~10%)

37
Q

Geometric growth equation and assumptions

A

N at time t=lambda^t X N initial

discrete generations, no immigration/emigration, unlimited resources

38
Q

Equation for rate of change in population size when a population is growing exponentially

A

dN/dt=rN
r=growth rate
N=number of individuals in population

39
Q

Exponential growth equation and assumptions

A

N at time t=e ^(rt) x N initial

no immigration/emiigration, unlimited resources, population does not need to reproduce at same time

40
Q

if b>d

A

r>0, population increases , dN/dt>0

41
Q

if b

A

r<0, population decreases, dN/dt<0

42
Q

if b=d

A

r=0, population size constant, dN/dt=0

43
Q

logistic growth equation

A

dN/dt=rmax * N * (1 - (N/K)
population growth rate=intrinsic growth rate as N close to 0 * population size x reduction in growth rate due to crowding

44
Q

when is most rapid growth?

A

half the carrying capacity (K/2)

45
Q

R-selection

A

abundant resources, density-independent mortality, unpredictable physical environment, (insects and opportunist plants)

46
Q

K-selection

A

limiting resources, density-dependent environment, predictable physical environmental (many large mammals)

47
Q

type 1 survivorship

A

species that exhibit high survivorship when young and middle aged but high mortality in old age: k-selected (humans, elephants, sheep)

48
Q

type 2 survivorship

A

species with relatively constant survival at all ages (ex: birds)

49
Q

type 3 survivorship

A

species that exhibit high mortality when young and high survivorship when older (ex: fish, desert shrub)

50
Q

Life table: x

A

life stage or age range

51
Q

life table: Nx

A

number of individuals at the start of each age

52
Q

life table: Lx

A

proportion surviving

53
Q

life table: Mx

A

per-female rate of offspring production

54
Q

R0 definition and equation

A

summation of Lx*Mx

per-generation rate of increase in the population

55
Q

semelparity:

A

occurs when organisms reproduce once and then die…best when environment is stable

56
Q

iteroparity

A

occurs when organisms reproduce multiple times over their lifespan

57
Q

bet-hedging

A

when organisms suffer decreased fitness in their typical conditions in exchange from increased fitness in stressful conditions (spreading risk)

58
Q

how do organisms deal with environmental variation? 3 options:

A

reproduce multiple times, disperse to many different habitat patches, seed, cyst, or egg dormancy to survive harsh times

59
Q

source sub-populations

A

b»d produce lots of dispersing indviduals

60
Q

sink sub-populations

A

b<

BIOEE 1610 (3 decks)

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