Prelim 2 Flashcards
Uses of oats
Livestock feed for horses and cattle, food products (high soluble fiber), straw for livestock bedding, companion crop to establish alfalfa
Management of oats
Early planting date avoids diseases, encourages more tillering, larger panicles, and avoids high temperature stress later in seasons. Plant not too deep, 1 million seeds per acre, grows similar to corn, don’t need much nitrogen so competitive with weeds
Where are most oats globally? Nationally?
European Union, Russia, Canada then U.S.
Northern states not so much New York anymore but still decent
Two vs six row barley and it’s implications
Controlled by single gene, both have alternating set of 3 spikelets
Two row: only central spikelets are fertile. Higher starch content, more desirable for malting in us and Canada
Six row: smaller seeds, less starch, more husk, variable size, more protein
Europe: 2 row for malting, 6 for livestock feed.
Bad because inconsistent malting and less extract but good for large breweries especially those that use other crops
Uses of Barley
1) Malting
2) livestock feed (trying to limit GNOs)
3) Human consumption (pearl barley)
Reason for Barley Growth in U.S.
Legislation to include more New York Grown crops for beer. Land grant universities, financial incentives, farm brewer license exemption from paying state liquor authority fee, expanded tax exemptions for tastings, launched grant program
Barley plant adaptation
1) Tolerant of cooler weather, marginal for northern climates
2) winter and spring types
3) drought tolerant
4) salinity tolerant
5) not tolerant of acid soils
Where is most barley found?
Russia, Canada, then Germany.
Nationally, the Northwest to North area
Which crop has a lot of breeding and selection efforts at ICRISAT and Kansas State
Millets
Lowest to highest cross over point and why
Pear millet then sorghum then corn determined by irrigation
Why Pearl Millet is better than Sorghum
1) deep roots
2) tolerates acid soils (down to ph 4)
3) water use efficient because C4 plant
4) less tillering
5). Harvest index: 15-20%
Improved dwarfs 40%
So more grain for less biomass
6) typical yields in dry land are low (bad)
Where is pearl millet produced?
Africa (50%) then Asia (43%) then Europe then North America
Types of Millet and what it is
Grass crops whose seeds are harvested for food or feed. Belong to Poaceae family but same are in different tribes. C4 grasses.
1) Pearl (50% of production) from Africa, food grain in India, near east, and savannah of Africa
2) Foxtail (24% of production) from China, matures rapidly, food and feed in China, Manchuria, Japan, and India and hay or bird feed in US
3) Proso (15%) matures very early, drought tolerant, food in Asia, grown in NE, CO, SD for livestock grain and bird seed
4) Japanese from South Asia also known as barnyard millet, forage grass in small acreages of NE US and for feed or edible seeds in South Asia
5) Finger can be grown in cool temps, drought tolerant
6) Fonio from West Africa but globalizing, TEFF from Ethiopia fermentes for bread and porridge, brown top millet
Where is Millet?
Most production in India, most area harvested in Africa
Sorghum characteristics and implications for feed and disease resistance
Red types are high in tannins: bitter, birds, and antioxidants
Hard kernel is resistant to disease and insects
Foliage contains dhurrin:
Poisonous unless fermented but new dhurrin free varieties suffer from pest damage
Uses of sorghum
1) Food: cooked porridge, dough, beer
2) feed for animals: grain, stem and foliage also sugar for syrup
3) fodder: fuel for cooking
4) stem: hut and fence making
What stage do you harvest sorghum?
Boot stage because of lignified stem
Sowing rates and tillering in sorghum based of annual rainfall
Sorghum yield is precipitation dependent so decrease population densities with less rainfall. Tillering helps maintain yields at low pops with high rainfall. Too much leaf area and transpiration demand at high pops leads to low yields
Where in West Africa is sorghum popular?
Nigeria for grain, beer, and silage.
Sorghum Diversity
Research in France and University of Wisconsin.
Caudatum: East and South Asia
Predominance in international breeding
Guinea: West Africa, limited diversity within region, regional divergence
Sorghum plant adaptation
1) drought tolerance
2) heat tolerance
3) not cool tolerant
4) higher water use efficiency because of C4 and thick waxy cuticles on leaves and stem
5) tolerates periodic flooding
Where is sorghum?
Global: US is highest but only a few types, Nigeria, then Sudan.
Midwest and Texas
Winter vs Spring Wheat production area
Winter is spread across but in northwest and Midwest. Spring is in northwest
Bread Quality determination
Gluten - proteins
More elasticity and extensibility
Genetic diversity of wheat
Diploids which are hulled (ancient wheat) such as monococcum/einkorn
Tetraploids: either hulled (turgidum or emmer) or free threshing (durum)
Hexaploids: hulled (spelt) or free threshing (common wheat)
Quality advantages of white wheat
Pigmented color not desirable in Asian markets.
Red color from phenolic compounds is oxidized by polyphenol oxidase.
Phenolics can be bitter
Why red wheat?
Can have pre harvest sprouting in drizzly, humid weather
More resistance to sprouting! - Stronger dormancy related to more ABA
Sprouted grain has poor quality
3 year rotation of winter wheat and grain sorghum then fallow - where? Why?
Great Plains - too dry for uninterrupted annual cropping
Summer Fallowing allows accumulation of soil moisture controls weeds for soil moisture in subsequent years
Wheat then fallow in summer and fall and winter then sorghum in summer then fallow in fall then winter then summer then wheat
Wheat Fallow 2 year rotation
For winter and spring wheat in semi arid regions of North Dakota, Montana, and Washington
Alternate field fallow in non slopes and divided slope fallow to reduce erosion by leaving stubble. Can use herbicide even though costly to maintain stubble
Water over land productivity in wheat
All water comes from transpiration none from evaporation from soil. Amount of water exceeds threshold
Advantages of spring vs winter wheat
Spring: avoids winter kill, hard red spring is best quality bread wheat so a premium price
Winter:
1) development in cool conditions
Water use efficiency, different disease and insect populations, vernalisation around primary tiller formation, gradual growth during winter, rapidly develop in spring
2) 25-30% yield advantage
3) plant in fall when less busy with other crops
4) Double crop with other crop
5) soil cover in winter prevents wind erosion
Winter wheat planting and harvesting
Planting: determined by winter kill, hessian fly free date in East and dry soil in Pacific.
Flowering: vernalization causes flower initiation, long day plant, prevents flowering too soon, California and Mexico winter wheat does not require
Harvesting begins in South
Spring wheat planting and harvesting
Sowing begins in south, winter recharge of soil moisture, begins as snow melts when soil is workable and no frost
Harvest begins in south. Dates only delayed 2 weeks relative to winter wheat
For bread wheats, is winter or spring wheat better?
Spring because of higher protein content
Wheat acreage and production trends in US
Decline due to market price, breeding and genetics focused on corn and soybeans rather than wheat, summer fallow is not so effective so less common, rotations with sorghum and corn
Factors in high yield wheat
Planting date, seeding rate, tillers, spikes, growth regulators, fungicides, nitrogen timing and split applications, when to apply phosphorus, K, Mg, and trace elements, irrigation, filled spikes, seed weight
Where is most wheat harvested in US?
Pacific Northwest, Northern Great Plains, Central Great Plains
Geography of different wheats in US
Northwest to Northeast: soft white, durum (spring), hard red spring, soft red winter (all of northeast and parts of mid west
South west is durum then east of that is hard red winter
Approaches toward more timely planting of wheat after rice
1) Burning rice residue (India mostly)
2) broadcast seeding and high seed rates - lots lost to birds, soil borne pathogens, seed incorporated at variable depths
3) zero tillage, less weeds, drilled seed at uniform depth
4) raised beds saves resources and increase yields - Ridge and furrow system less tillage costs and timely planting, less seed required, more fillers, compensate for less plants, less diseases with more air flow in canopy
What affects wheat planting timing?
Field occupied by rice, waterlogged, massive loss of yield per day after optimal, worse with climate change
Rice Wheat System of Indio Gangetic Plain
Covers 14 million acres in Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh
Supplies staple cereals for 1.2 billion people. Irrigation has led to it over just rice
Components of Wheat Yield
1) tillers/plant also controlled by seeding rates and leaf area but not environmental conditions
2) spikes/filler
3) grains/spike
4) kernel weight
All controlled by environmental conditions and nitrogen
What crops has multiple nitrogen applications during vegetative and reproductive stages and what stages?
Wheat
1) early tillering
2) ear at least 1 can above 1st node
3) flag leaf
Also sometimes when flag leaf is emergent
How does the wheat plant grow?
Telescopically with tillering
Determined by nitrogen, planting density, and genetics
Differences between European and USA wheat production
Higher yields in Europe
Less rainfall in US
cool maritime and cool winter and summer in Europe. Cold winter and hot summer in US.
High humidity is Europe low in US
Much more N applications in Europe
Anti GA growth regulator to prevent lodging in Europe
Lots of fungicides herbicides and insecticides in EU whereas little to none here
Top wheat yield countries per unit land area
Ireland, UK, Germany
Global wheat export leaders
EU, Russia, US, Canada
Because they export not consume a lot compared to others
Highest wheat production countries
China, India, Russia
