Prelim 2 Flashcards
Uses of oats
Livestock feed for horses and cattle, food products (high soluble fiber), straw for livestock bedding, companion crop to establish alfalfa
Management of oats
Early planting date avoids diseases, encourages more tillering, larger panicles, and avoids high temperature stress later in seasons. Plant not too deep, 1 million seeds per acre, grows similar to corn, don’t need much nitrogen so competitive with weeds
Where are most oats globally? Nationally?
European Union, Russia, Canada then U.S.
Northern states not so much New York anymore but still decent
Two vs six row barley and it’s implications
Controlled by single gene, both have alternating set of 3 spikelets
Two row: only central spikelets are fertile. Higher starch content, more desirable for malting in us and Canada
Six row: smaller seeds, less starch, more husk, variable size, more protein
Europe: 2 row for malting, 6 for livestock feed.
Bad because inconsistent malting and less extract but good for large breweries especially those that use other crops
Uses of Barley
1) Malting
2) livestock feed (trying to limit GNOs)
3) Human consumption (pearl barley)
Reason for Barley Growth in U.S.
Legislation to include more New York Grown crops for beer. Land grant universities, financial incentives, farm brewer license exemption from paying state liquor authority fee, expanded tax exemptions for tastings, launched grant program
Barley plant adaptation
1) Tolerant of cooler weather, marginal for northern climates
2) winter and spring types
3) drought tolerant
4) salinity tolerant
5) not tolerant of acid soils
Where is most barley found?
Russia, Canada, then Germany.
Nationally, the Northwest to North area
Which crop has a lot of breeding and selection efforts at ICRISAT and Kansas State
Millets
Lowest to highest cross over point and why
Pear millet then sorghum then corn determined by irrigation
Why Pearl Millet is better than Sorghum
1) deep roots
2) tolerates acid soils (down to ph 4)
3) water use efficient because C4 plant
4) less tillering
5). Harvest index: 15-20%
Improved dwarfs 40%
So more grain for less biomass
6) typical yields in dry land are low (bad)
Where is pearl millet produced?
Africa (50%) then Asia (43%) then Europe then North America
Types of Millet and what it is
Grass crops whose seeds are harvested for food or feed. Belong to Poaceae family but same are in different tribes. C4 grasses.
1) Pearl (50% of production) from Africa, food grain in India, near east, and savannah of Africa
2) Foxtail (24% of production) from China, matures rapidly, food and feed in China, Manchuria, Japan, and India and hay or bird feed in US
3) Proso (15%) matures very early, drought tolerant, food in Asia, grown in NE, CO, SD for livestock grain and bird seed
4) Japanese from South Asia also known as barnyard millet, forage grass in small acreages of NE US and for feed or edible seeds in South Asia
5) Finger can be grown in cool temps, drought tolerant
6) Fonio from West Africa but globalizing, TEFF from Ethiopia fermentes for bread and porridge, brown top millet
Where is Millet?
Most production in India, most area harvested in Africa
Sorghum characteristics and implications for feed and disease resistance
Red types are high in tannins: bitter, birds, and antioxidants
Hard kernel is resistant to disease and insects
Foliage contains dhurrin:
Poisonous unless fermented but new dhurrin free varieties suffer from pest damage
Uses of sorghum
1) Food: cooked porridge, dough, beer
2) feed for animals: grain, stem and foliage also sugar for syrup
3) fodder: fuel for cooking
4) stem: hut and fence making
What stage do you harvest sorghum?
Boot stage because of lignified stem
Sowing rates and tillering in sorghum based of annual rainfall
Sorghum yield is precipitation dependent so decrease population densities with less rainfall. Tillering helps maintain yields at low pops with high rainfall. Too much leaf area and transpiration demand at high pops leads to low yields
Where in West Africa is sorghum popular?
Nigeria for grain, beer, and silage.
