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NUCLEAR MEDICINE > PRELIM 2 > Flashcards

PRELIM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

atomic mass (number of nucleons)

A

A

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2
Q

atomic number (number of protons)

A

Z

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3
Q

element symbol

A

X

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4
Q

Two Forces Acting on Electrons

A

-Centrifugal Force
-Attractive Force

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5
Q

Two Forces Acting on the Nucleus

A

Repulsive Force (due to protons)
Nuclear Binding Force(due to neutrons)

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6
Q

-amount of energy that must be supplied to a nucleus to completely separate its nuclear particles (nucleons).

-the amount of energy that would be released if the nucleus was formed from the separate particles.

-Binding energy is the energy equivalent of the mass defect.

A

Electron Binding Energy

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7
Q

is the minimum energy required to remove the electron from an atom

A

electron binding energy

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8
Q

is a form of energy traveling through a medium or space. It travels as waves or subatomic particles through air, water or solid materials.

A

Radiation

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9
Q

Forms of Radiation

A

A. Particulate-

B. Electromagnetic

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10
Q

distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of another.(1 angstrom=10 ^ -10 m)

A

wavelength

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11
Q

is the number of waves per second that a stationary observer would count while the wave is passing by

A

Frequency

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12
Q

Invisible
Electrically neutral
No mass
Travel at the speed of light in a vacuum
Cannot be optically focused
Form a polyenergetic or heterogenous beam
Can be produced in a range of energies
Travel in straight lines

A

X-ray Properties

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13
Q

-also known as “path length“
-maximum distance traversed by ionizing radiation in interacting medium
-measured in micron or micrometer (µm)

A

Range

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14
Q

the ave. number of ions generated per unit length of path

A

Specific ionization

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15
Q

The energy transferred by ionizing radiation per unit path length of the interacting medium.

A

LET/ Linear Energy Transfer

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16
Q

-Property of some atoms to spontaneously give off energy as particles or rays from the nucleus

-Caused by instability in the atom’s nucleus or an excess of energy

A

Radioactivity/Radioactive Decay

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17
Q

Types of Radioactivity

A

-natural
-artificial

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18
Q

happens by itself. (naturally existing radioactive elements)

A

natural

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19
Q

is induced in the laboratory (with the help of cyclotron)

A

Artificial

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20
Q

Forms of Atomic Nucleus

A

-IsotoPes
-IsobArs
-IsotoNes
-IsomErs

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21
Q

Atoms having the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

A

IsotoPes

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22
Q

Same number of nucleons but different number of protons

A

IsobArs

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23
Q
  • Same number of neutrons but different number of protons.
A

IsotoNes

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24
Q

Contains same number of protons as well as same number of neutrons but the energy level of the nucleus is different

A

IsomErs

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25
Q

Modes of Decay

A

-Alpha Emission/Decay (α-decay)
-Beta Decay/Emission

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26
Q

-Occurs in heavy nuclides with high atomic number
-It resembles the Helium (He) element
-The relative charge of alpha is 2 and a mass of 4

A

Alpha Emission/Decay (α-decay)

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27
Q

-has low penetrating power and most harmful internally and less harmful externally.
-it can be stopped by a piece of paper or cloth.

A

Alpha radiation

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28
Q

-The relative charge of -1 and a mass of 0.
-has a moderate energy and it can be stopped by approximately 0.5mm aluminum or lead.

A

The β-decay

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29
Q

Has two sub-modes:β-decay

A

Negatron emission
Positron emission.

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30
Q

-This occurs when there are too many neutrons.
-It occurs when a radioactive nuclide with high Neutron and Proton ratio disintegration
-This particle emitted is a negatively charge high speed electron which originated in the nucleus.
-This electrons results from the conversion of the excess neutron into proton.

A

Negatron Emission

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31
Q

-It occurs when the radioactive nuclide with an excess of Proton disintegrates
-The particle emitted is positively charged electron which comes from the nucleus
-This results from the transformation of the excess proton to a neutron
-With Positron emitter, the parent nucleus gives up positive charge resulting in a daughter less positive by one unit of charge.
-The atomic number decrease by one and the mass number remains unchanged.

A

Positron Emission or Beta Positive emission

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32
Q

Alternative to positron decay for neutron-deficient radionuclides
Nucleus captures an orbital (usually K- or L-shell) electron

A

Electron Capture/ K-Capture

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33
Q

-During radioactive decay, a daughter may be formed in an excited state
-Gamma rays are emitted as the daughter nucleus transitions from the excited state to a lower-energy state

A

Isomeric Transition

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34
Q

Examples of some gamma emitters:

A

iodine-131, cesium-137, cobalt-60, radium-226, and technetium-99m.

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35
Q

is the removal of an electron by a gamma ray during isomeric transition.

A

Internal Convesion

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36
Q

is the removal of an electron by a characteristic ray during electron capture.

A

Auger process

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37
Q

What are the types of radiation:

A

-alpha
-beta
-gamma
-positron
-xray
-neutron

38
Q

Mass (u) & charge: alpha

A

4
+2

39
Q

Mass (u) & charge: beta

A

1/1840
-1

40
Q

Mass (u) & charge: gamma

A

0
0

41
Q

Mass (u) & charge: positron

A

1/1840
+1

42
Q

Mass (u) & charge: xray

A

0
0

43
Q

Mass (u) & charge: neutron

A

1
0

44
Q

The time taken for the number of atoms in a sample of an element to decay by half

A

Half-life (T1/2)

45
Q

The time required for the body to eliminate one half of the dose of any radioactive substance.

A

Effective Half-life

46
Q

The length of time required for one half of the original number of atoms in a given radioactive sample to disintegrate.

A

Physical half-life(T1/2)

47
Q

The time required for the body to eliminate one half of the dose of any substance by the regular process of elimination

A

Biologic half-life(TB):

48
Q

Indicates the number of radionuclides disintegrating per second (dps or s-1)

A

Activity (A)

49
Q

SI unit for radioactivity

A

Bq- becquerel

50
Q

Old unit for radioactivity

A

curie (Ci)

51
Q

1 Bq =

A

1 disintegration per second (dps)

52
Q

1 Ci =

A

3.7 x 10^10 Bq

37GBq

53
Q

quantities which describe the radiation field (in terms of particles or rays) & the quantity of ionization produced

A

Radiometric Quantities

54
Q

Radiometric Quantities are:

A

Energy
Fluence
Exposure
Kerma

55
Q

SI unit is Joules (J)
energy of ionizing radiation is measured in terms of electronvolts (eV)

A

energy

56
Q

1 eV =

A

1.6 x 10 ^ -19 J

57
Q

-number of particles (or photons) passing through unit area
-measured in particles per square metre (m-2)

A

Fluence (F)

58
Q

is the number of particles passing through unit area in unit time

A

Fluence rate

59
Q

-amount of ionization produced in air
originally called the roentgen (R), named after the discoverer of x-rays, Wilhelm Roentgen
-SI unit of exposure is the coulomb per kilogram (C/kg)

A

Exposure (X)

60
Q

1 R =

A

2.58 x 10^-4 C/kg of air

61
Q

-kinetic energy released per unit mass of absorber
-a measure of the kinetic energy of charged particles produced in an absorbing medium by uncharged radiation (i.e. photons and neutrons)
Gray (Gy)

A

Kerma (K)

62
Q

1 Gy =

A

1 J / kg

63
Q

Dosimetric quantities are:

A

-absorbed dose
-Equivalent dose

64
Q

-Symbol is D
-Defined as the energy absorbed per unit mass from any kind of ionizing radiation in any target

A

absorbed dose

65
Q

The S.I. unit is gray (Gy) = 1 joule per kilogram
Old unit is the rad

A

absorbed dose

66
Q

100 rad =___Gy

A

1 Gy

67
Q

Symbol is H
A measure of the biological effects of a particular type of radiation on organs or tissues

A

Equivalent Dose

68
Q

Calculated by: H = D x WR ,

A

Equivalent Dose

69
Q

WR =

A

radiation weighting factor

70
Q

The S.I. unit is sievert (Sv) = 1 joule per kilogram
Old unit is the rem

A

Equivalent Dose

71
Q

1 Sv = ___ rem

A

100 rem

72
Q

alpha particles, all energies: WR

A

20

73
Q

beta particles, all energies:WR

A

1

74
Q

γ & x-rays, all energies:WR

A

1

75
Q

Neutrons: < 10 keV
10 keV– 100 keV
> 100 keV – 2 MeV
> 2 MeV – 20 MeV
> 20 MeV

A

5
10
20
10
5

76
Q

-Symbol is E
-A measure of the effect of a particular type of radiation on organs or tissues.
-Takes into account theradiosensitivities of different tissues or organs

A

Effective Dose

77
Q

Calculated by: ET = HT x WT ,

A

Effective Dose

78
Q

*WT =

A

tissue weighting factor

79
Q

The S.I. unit is sievert (Sv)

A

Effective Dose

80
Q

1 sievert (Sv) = _____ joule per kilogram

A

1

81
Q

WT:0.12
summation WT:0.72

A

Bone-marrow (red), Colon, Lung, Stomach, Breast, Remainder tissues*

82
Q

WT:0.08
summation WT:0.08

A

gonads

83
Q

WT:0.04
summation WT:0.16

A

Bladder, esophagus, Liver, Thyroid

84
Q

WT:0.01
summation WT:0.04

A

Bone surface, Brain, Salivary glands, Skin

85
Q

summation total of tissues

A

1

86
Q

5 Interaction with Matter

A

Coherent Scattering ( Thomson Scattering )
Photoelectric Effect
Compton Scattering
Pair Production
Photodisitegration

87
Q

-Aka Classical, Thomson, unmodified
-Produced by a low energy x ray photon
-Incident x ray interact with target atom
-Target atom release excess energy as scatter
-There is a change in direction of but does not change the energy
-No excitation happened

A

Coherent Scattering ( Thomson Scattering )

88
Q

-Photon Absorption interaction
-Photon undergo interaction with inner shell electron
-Photon energy is transferred to the electron
-Photon is completely absorbed
-Photoelectron in created in the process

A

Photoelectric Effect

89
Q

-Also called Compton Scattering or modified scattering
-Incoming x ray photon interacts with loosely bound, outer-shell electron
-Photon scatter in another direction with less energy.
-This scattered photon may interact with other electron causing more ionization

A

Compton Interaction

90
Q

-Does not occur in radiography
-This is produced by photon energy greater than 1.02 MeV
-High energy photon comes close to the strong nuclear field and lose all energy that energy is used to create a pair or electron negatron and positron

A

Pair Production

91
Q

-Does not occur in diagnostic radiology
-Interaction with extremely high energy photon greater than 10 MeV
-This strikes the nucleus and all of the energy is absorbed and exciting the nucleus
-This excitation will produce the nuclear fragment

A

Photodisintegration

NUCLEAR MEDICINE (2 decks)

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