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NUCLEAR MEDICINE > PRELIM > Flashcards

PRELIM Flashcards

1
Q

Branch of medicine and medical imaging that uses a small amount of what we call radio tracers, or radiopharmaceuticals, to diagnose disease and to treat disease, including many types of cancers, heart diseases and certain other abnormalities within the body.​

A

NUCLEAR MEDICINE

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2
Q

Nuclear medicine looks at ________ of the body and of all the organ systems. We can follow the physiological processes as they occur in a living human using these radiopharmaceutical and through use of appropriate imaging system.​

A

physiology

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3
Q

Martin Klaproth discovers Uranium and named it after the planet Uranius​

A

1979

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4
Q

Henri Becquerel uses Uranium and radium to discover alpha and beta rays, type of radiation​

A

1896

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5
Q

who discovered gamma rays

A

Paul Villard

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6
Q

Pierre and Marie Curie first used the word “radiation” to describe the rays they were finding; they also discovered Polonium and radium.​

A

1989

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7
Q

used radiation to kill bacteria in food​ & what year

A

Samuel Prescott, 1989

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8
Q

Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy establishes the theory of Nuclear Reactions (by bombarding alpha and beta particles)​

​

A

1902- 1919

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9
Q

Father of Nuclear Medicine, conceives the idea of radioactive tracers​

A

1911 – George von Hevesy

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10
Q

a Boston physician, first used radioactive tracers to diagnose heart diseases.​

A

1927 – Herman Blumgart

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11
Q

discovery of artificial radioactivity

A

Frederic Joliot-Curie and Irene Joliot-Curie​; 1934

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12
Q

discovery of Fe-59

A

John Livingwood, Fred Fairbrother, Glenn Seaborge; 1937

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13
Q

an artificial element to fill space number 43 in the periodic table​

A

Technetium 99

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14
Q

Technitium 99m discovered by

A

C. Perrier and E. Segre; 1937

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15
Q

The building block of a radiographer’s understanding of interactions between ionizing radiation and matter​

A

atom

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16
Q

Came from the Greek word, “atomos” which means _______

A

indivisible​

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17
Q

Smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element.​

A

atom

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18
Q

The basic component and the smallest unit of matter​

A

atom

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19
Q

it is neutrally charged because the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons​

A

atom

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20
Q

Central core of an atom​

A

nucleus

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21
Q

Contains nearly all the mass of an atom​

A

nucleus

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22
Q

Positively charged​

Contains the nucleons (protons+neutrons)​

A

nucleus

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23
Q

Composed of electrons, which is negatively charged.​

A

Orbits / Shells​

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24
Q

Positively Charged and has an atomic mass of 1​

A

Proton

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25
Q

no charge or Neutrally charged and has an atomic mass of 1​

A

neutron

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26
Q

negatively charged and the lightest among the subatomic particles​

A

electron

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27
Q

atomic mass of 1/1836 or approximately________

A

1/2000​

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28
Q

the smallest chemical unit of an element or compound that exist independently​

A

molecule

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29
Q

what year: discovery of radioactivity

A

1896

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30
Q

The property of certain nuclides to spontaneously emit radiation in form of alpha, beta, and gamma rays and other nuclear fragments to reach a stable state.​

A

radioactivity

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31
Q

who discovered radioactivity

A

Antoine Henri Becquerel​

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32
Q

SI unit of radioactivity

A

becquerel (Bq)​

33
Q

1 Bq =

A

1 dis/s (disintegration per second or dps)​

34
Q

old unit for radioactivity

A

curie (Ci)

35
Q

coined the term radioactivity and also discovered Polonium and Radium, with the helped of her husband, Pierre Curie​

A

Marie Curie

36
Q

unstable of emitting radiation spontaneously to reach a more stable state; termed also as radioactive materials​

A

Radioactive Atoms

37
Q

A fraction or percentage of original number of atoms decaying per unit time​

A

Decay Disintegration / Transformation Constant​

38
Q

The amount of time taken by the radioactive material (RAM) or radioactive atom to decay to ½ of its original value​

Every RAM has its own unique half life value​

A

half-life

39
Q

half-life of Tc-99

A

6hrs

40
Q

half-life of I-131

A

8 days

41
Q

half-life of I-123

A

13 hrs

42
Q

half-life of Ra-223

A

11 days

43
Q

half-life of Ra-226

A

1620 yrs

44
Q

half-life of Co-60

A

5.26 yrs

45
Q

half-life of Cs-137

A

30 yrs

46
Q

half-life of Ir-192

A

74 days

47
Q

half-life of Sr-90

A

28 yrs

48
Q

half-life of Mo-99

A

66 hrs

49
Q

the process wherein the unstable atom (parent) spontaneously emits radiation to reach a more stable state (daughter)​

A

Radioactive decay

50
Q

is unstable atom or radioactive atom​

A

parent

51
Q

is a new atom that is already a stable state​

A

daughter

52
Q

Occurs in heavy nuclides with high atomic number​

A

Alpha Emission/Decay (α-decay)​

53
Q

It resembles the Helium (He) element​

A

Alpha Emission/Decay (α-decay)​

54
Q

relative charge of alpha is ___ and a mass of _____

A

2, 4

55
Q

has low penetrating power and most harmful internally and less harmful externally.​
it can be stopped by a piece of paper or cloth.​

A

alpha radiation

56
Q

The relative charge of -1 and a mass of 0.​

A

Beta Decay/ Emission

57
Q

has a moderate energy and it can be stopped by approximately 0.5mm aluminum or lead.​

A

Beta Decay/ Emission

58
Q

This occurs when there are too many neutrons.​

It occurs when a radioactive nuclide with high Neutron and Proton ratio disintegration​

This particle emitted is a negatively charge high speed electron which originated in the nucleus.​

This electrons results from the conversion of the excess neutron into proton.​

A

negatron emission

59
Q

It occurs when the radioactive nuclide with an excess of Proton disintegrates​

The particle emitted is positively charged electron which comes from the nucleus​

This results from the transformation of the excess proton to a neutron​

With Positron emitter, the parent nucleus gives up positive charge resulting in a daughter less positive by one unit of charge.​

The atomic number decrease by one and the mass number remains unchanged.​

A

Positron Emission or Beta Positive emission

60
Q

Excited state element​

Radionuclide that yields another nuclide during disintegration​

Long-lived radionuclide​

A

parent nuclide

61
Q

Ground state element​

Element that results from the radioactive decay of a parent element.​

Short-lived radionuclide​

​

A

daughter nuclide

62
Q

Have high penetrating power and it can be stopped by several centimeters of lead.

A

gamma rays and x-rays

63
Q

originates from the nucleus​

A

gamma ray

64
Q

originates from the electrons​

A

x-ray

65
Q

originate from the nucleus​

A

beta particles

66
Q

originate from the e- clouds.​

A

electrons

67
Q

is the nuclear medicine laboratory technique for measuring trace amount of substances in the blood. (substances being measured with RIA are the least 1000 times less)

A

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

68
Q
  • for brain, liver, lung, bone, kidney, heart, thyroid, and other organs for detection of a tumor. Whole body imaging for the detection of metastases.
A

Imaging studies

69
Q

are thyroid uptake to determine thyroid function, renography for the investigation renal function, and blood volume measurement.

A

Non-imaging studies

70
Q

It uses a small amount of radioactive material

A

unsealed source

71
Q

means “open”

A

“Unsealed”

72
Q

it evaluates the function of the organ

A

Nuclear Medicine

73
Q

Two Classes of Nuclear Medicine Imaging

A

Single Photon Imaging
Positron Imaging

74
Q

2 General Components of radiopharmaceutical

A

Radionuclide
Pharmaceutical

75
Q

Are medicinal products designed for the use in the investigation or treatment of human diseases.

A

Radiopharmaceuticals

76
Q

Contain “radionuclide” as an integral part of the main ingredient.

A

Radiopharmaceuticals

77
Q

Are administered to a human subjects usually by intravenous injection.

A

Radiopharmaceuticals

78
Q

-The atoms involved and the only nuclei that undergo radioactive decay
-Emits gamma ray as it decays
This is tagged to a radiopharmaceutical

A

Radionuclide

79
Q

-Any chemical substances intended for use in medical diagnosis, cure treatment or prevention of disease.
-Carries the radionuclide to the organ being examined.
-This is chosen in the basis of its preferential localization or participation in the physiological function of a given organ.
-Produces gamma-ray emission from within the organ is being studied.

A

Pharmaceuticals/Tracer

NUCLEAR MEDICINE (2 decks)

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