PRELIM Flashcards
Branch of medicine and medical imaging that uses a small amount of what we call radio tracers, or radiopharmaceuticals, to diagnose disease and to treat disease, including many types of cancers, heart diseases and certain other abnormalities within the body.
NUCLEAR MEDICINE
Nuclear medicine looks at ________ of the body and of all the organ systems. We can follow the physiological processes as they occur in a living human using these radiopharmaceutical and through use of appropriate imaging system.
physiology
Martin Klaproth discovers Uranium and named it after the planet Uranius
1979
Henri Becquerel uses Uranium and radium to discover alpha and beta rays, type of radiation
1896
who discovered gamma rays
Paul Villard
Pierre and Marie Curie first used the word “radiation” to describe the rays they were finding; they also discovered Polonium and radium.
1989
used radiation to kill bacteria in food & what year
Samuel Prescott, 1989
Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy establishes the theory of Nuclear Reactions (by bombarding alpha and beta particles)
1902- 1919
Father of Nuclear Medicine, conceives the idea of radioactive tracers
1911 – George von Hevesy
a Boston physician, first used radioactive tracers to diagnose heart diseases.
1927 – Herman Blumgart
discovery of artificial radioactivity
Frederic Joliot-Curie and Irene Joliot-Curie; 1934
discovery of Fe-59
John Livingwood, Fred Fairbrother, Glenn Seaborge; 1937
an artificial element to fill space number 43 in the periodic table
Technetium 99
Technitium 99m discovered by
C. Perrier and E. Segre; 1937
The building block of a radiographer’s understanding of interactions between ionizing radiation and matter
atom
Came from the Greek word, “atomos” which means _______
indivisible
Smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element.
atom
The basic component and the smallest unit of matter
atom
it is neutrally charged because the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons
atom
Central core of an atom
nucleus
Contains nearly all the mass of an atom
nucleus
Positively charged
Contains the nucleons (protons+neutrons)
nucleus
Composed of electrons, which is negatively charged.
Orbits / Shells
Positively Charged and has an atomic mass of 1
Proton
no charge or Neutrally charged and has an atomic mass of 1
neutron
negatively charged and the lightest among the subatomic particles
electron
atomic mass of 1/1836 or approximately________
1/2000
the smallest chemical unit of an element or compound that exist independently
molecule
what year: discovery of radioactivity
1896
The property of certain nuclides to spontaneously emit radiation in form of alpha, beta, and gamma rays and other nuclear fragments to reach a stable state.
radioactivity
who discovered radioactivity
Antoine Henri Becquerel
SI unit of radioactivity
becquerel (Bq)
1 Bq =
1 dis/s (disintegration per second or dps)
old unit for radioactivity
curie (Ci)
coined the term radioactivity and also discovered Polonium and Radium, with the helped of her husband, Pierre Curie
Marie Curie
unstable of emitting radiation spontaneously to reach a more stable state; termed also as radioactive materials
Radioactive Atoms
A fraction or percentage of original number of atoms decaying per unit time
Decay Disintegration / Transformation Constant
The amount of time taken by the radioactive material (RAM) or radioactive atom to decay to ½ of its original value
Every RAM has its own unique half life value
half-life
half-life of Tc-99
6hrs
half-life of I-131
8 days
half-life of I-123
13 hrs
half-life of Ra-223
11 days
half-life of Ra-226
1620 yrs
half-life of Co-60
5.26 yrs
half-life of Cs-137
30 yrs
half-life of Ir-192
74 days
half-life of Sr-90
28 yrs
half-life of Mo-99
66 hrs
the process wherein the unstable atom (parent) spontaneously emits radiation to reach a more stable state (daughter)
Radioactive decay
is unstable atom or radioactive atom
parent
is a new atom that is already a stable state
daughter
Occurs in heavy nuclides with high atomic number
Alpha Emission/Decay (α-decay)
It resembles the Helium (He) element
Alpha Emission/Decay (α-decay)
relative charge of alpha is ___ and a mass of _____
2, 4
has low penetrating power and most harmful internally and less harmful externally.
it can be stopped by a piece of paper or cloth.
alpha radiation
The relative charge of -1 and a mass of 0.
Beta Decay/ Emission
has a moderate energy and it can be stopped by approximately 0.5mm aluminum or lead.
Beta Decay/ Emission
This occurs when there are too many neutrons.
It occurs when a radioactive nuclide with high Neutron and Proton ratio disintegration
This particle emitted is a negatively charge high speed electron which originated in the nucleus.
This electrons results from the conversion of the excess neutron into proton.
negatron emission
It occurs when the radioactive nuclide with an excess of Proton disintegrates
The particle emitted is positively charged electron which comes from the nucleus
This results from the transformation of the excess proton to a neutron
With Positron emitter, the parent nucleus gives up positive charge resulting in a daughter less positive by one unit of charge.
The atomic number decrease by one and the mass number remains unchanged.
Positron Emission or Beta Positive emission
Excited state element
Radionuclide that yields another nuclide during disintegration
Long-lived radionuclide
parent nuclide
Ground state element
Element that results from the radioactive decay of a parent element.
Short-lived radionuclide
daughter nuclide
Have high penetrating power and it can be stopped by several centimeters of lead.
gamma rays and x-rays
originates from the nucleus
gamma ray
originates from the electrons
x-ray
originate from the nucleus
beta particles
originate from the e- clouds.
electrons
is the nuclear medicine laboratory technique for measuring trace amount of substances in the blood. (substances being measured with RIA are the least 1000 times less)
Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
- for brain, liver, lung, bone, kidney, heart, thyroid, and other organs for detection of a tumor. Whole body imaging for the detection of metastases.
Imaging studies
are thyroid uptake to determine thyroid function, renography for the investigation renal function, and blood volume measurement.
Non-imaging studies
It uses a small amount of radioactive material
unsealed source
means “open”
“Unsealed”
it evaluates the function of the organ
Nuclear Medicine
Two Classes of Nuclear Medicine Imaging
Single Photon Imaging
Positron Imaging
2 General Components of radiopharmaceutical
Radionuclide
Pharmaceutical
Are medicinal products designed for the use in the investigation or treatment of human diseases.
Radiopharmaceuticals
Contain “radionuclide” as an integral part of the main ingredient.
Radiopharmaceuticals
Are administered to a human subjects usually by intravenous injection.
Radiopharmaceuticals
-The atoms involved and the only nuclei that undergo radioactive decay
-Emits gamma ray as it decays
This is tagged to a radiopharmaceutical
Radionuclide
-Any chemical substances intended for use in medical diagnosis, cure treatment or prevention of disease.
-Carries the radionuclide to the organ being examined.
-This is chosen in the basis of its preferential localization or participation in the physiological function of a given organ.
-Produces gamma-ray emission from within the organ is being studied.
Pharmaceuticals/Tracer
