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COGST 1101 > Prelim 2 (10/29) > Flashcards

Prelim 2 (10/29) Flashcards

1
Q

Why think that working memory involves 2 components?

A

ELD & KF; perform well on auditory but not visual tasks and vv

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2
Q

Semantic memory

A

Memory for facts

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3
Q

What is the role of executive function?

A

Inhibiting immediate responses / impulse control

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4
Q

What is the role of the self (curse of knowledge + projection)?

A

Cannot unknow what we know, project it onto others (e.g. tapping a song - sounds so clear to us that we assume others know it)

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5
Q

Evidence for diminish with distance

A

Cat activates tiger, lion, tiger activates stripes, so lion weakly activates stripes (more so than doctor)

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6
Q

Necessity of spatiotemporal continuity (what is it + evidence)

A

Object perception is broken when ST continuity is violated (familiarization studies + babies -> stare longer when ST continuity violated)

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7
Q

Modular characteristics of causal perception

A
  1. Fast -
  2. Domain specific -
  3. Encapsulated -
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8
Q

Monkey studies on theory of mind

A

Chimpanzees and monkeys seem to use ToM or know when someone is unable to perceive them (taking food) for ecologically appropriate tasks

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9
Q

Evidence of distinct types of memory

A

Patients like HM, KC, Susie McKinnon - episodic but not semantic memory and vice versa; long-term but not working memory and vice versa

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10
Q

Empiricism (def and caricature)

A

Mind is a blank slate; CARICATURE = no difference between a child and a rock (<- innate learning devices exist but rely on many experiences)

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11
Q

Human-robot interaction and theory of mind

A

People attribute personalities and emotional states to robots - believe roombas have feelings, feel bad “hurting” a robot, happier to help a computer that has helped them

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12
Q

Children and causal reasoning experiments (including screening off)

A

Children can identify “blickets” and adapt their behaviors (e.g. hovering an object over something to turn it on) with ease even after only seeing one example/non-example

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13
Q

What is trace theory?

A

Abstract principle explaining what we can shorten (“who does Mary want to win” can’t be “who does Mary wanna win” but “I want to win” can be “I wanna win”)

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14
Q

How is causal reasoning domain general?

A

Causal reasoning can be applied to a variety of diverse situations and is not limited to one specific area

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15
Q

What are the steps in a Poverty of stimulus argument?

A
  1. Children are not exposed to all complex grammatical/linguistic ideas
  2. Mostly base knowledge off positive, not negative, evidence
  3. Can perfectly use native grammar
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16
Q

Grammar vs meaning

A

We can understand concepts that are meaningless but grammatical (“colorless green ideas sleep furiously”)

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17
Q

Explain mind perception (Heider-Simmler animation, Johnson studies)

A

Once an object displays certain cues (e.g. having eyes or moving in a certain way like the triangles) it is seen as an “agent”

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18
Q

Explain patient WBA

A

Lesions to brain gyri thought to control perspective - fails to understand that things are different from others’ view (e.g. how a sports rival would feel about the same game)

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19
Q

Working memory

A

“Short-term” memory

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20
Q

Birdsong case for nativism

A

Birds reared in captive isolation still produce similar songs to their wild counterparts - SOMETHING is innate

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21
Q

Schlottman & Shanks (causal perception)

A

Insensitivity of causal perception to contingency information

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22
Q

Infant response to causal perception stimuli (esp Kotovsky & Baillargeon; Ball 1973)

A

When the appearance of motion is delayed/interrupted even a little, infants no longer perceive 1 as moving 2 (temporal gap) *

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23
Q

What is screening off?

A

When one variable is eliminated as potentially causal (e.g. if A causes C, it doesn’t matter if A&B cause C b/c we already know/assume A is causal)

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24
Q

What is an example of prior expectation in visual perception?

A

Same photo appears like a bump or dent due to our expectation that light is abovehead

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25
Semantic networks and spreading activation
Words are interconnected by related meanings
26
Speech to song illusion and how it can be explained
Likelihood principle - when repeated, must be a song! Hear the vowels more
27
Experiments supporting 2 visual stream theory
Patients with damage to dorsal system can describe/see the object but not grab it; those with damage to ventral can reach for object but not describe it
28
How does the object specific preview benefit provide evidence for object files?
Object perception naturally builds an "object file" (representation) persisting for some time
29
What are the perceptual advantages of objects?
Allow us to track and distinguish things in the world
30
Does the Poverty of stimulus argument conclude that language competence requires a domain-general or domain-specific learning mechanism?
Domain-general - the brain is not given much outside info and is able to perform amazing tasks applicable across different areas of language
31
What kind of events interfere with consolidation and reconsolidation?
Rehearsal is required -> immediate cognitively distracting tasks prevent knowledge from reaching long-term memory
32
Cross modal illusion and explanation
We try to match sound and sight (e.g. "ba" vs "fa" depending on video, even though sound is same)
33
Episodic memory
Memory for experiences
34
3 features of Chomsky's language learning mechanism + what they mean
1. Innate 2. Domain specific 3. Universal grammar
35
Correspondence problem of apparent motion (+ how does likelihood principle explain solution)
Rotating circles - how do we know which one moved where? (LP: the closer one must be it, unless shape/ color are changed)
36
How does learning work according to empiricists?
General learning mechanisms are applied to environmental inputs
37
What is constructivism (+ why does the inverse problem make constructivism more plausible)?
Unconscious inference and perception play a role - illusions prove we are not only perceiving world as it is (INVERSE PROBLEM: your retina has to be able to solve problems eg darker parts of water bottle in shadow)
38
What is the ecological theory of vision?
Animals' vision is inextricably determined by the environment around them; we don't do complicated computations of photons but rather through objects
39
Object perception in neuropathology examples
1. Patients can only see left or right side of objects 2. Can only see one object at a time and identify its characteristics
40
Beta and phi motion
BETA MOTION: quickly following motion; we perceive as one moving object PHI MOTION: pause makes us interpret as two objects
41
How could you challenge the different steps in the poverty of stimulus argument?
1. Computers are capable of learning complex grammatical terms without the complex, innate mechanisms 2. Children are exposed to negative evidence (ex. "you can't say.." or absence of a structure)
42
What is modularity theory?
???
43
Examples of visual and audio illusions for likelihood principle
1. Visual: imagined triangle vs slice out of each circle 2. Audio: when we hear two randomly jumping scales, we categorize them into two ordered scales
44
Phrase structure vs finite state grammars
Phrase structure - more complicated, harder to compute Finite state - very rule-following an clear
45
Word form vs word meaning
Form: similar spelling/sound Meaning: similar semantically
46
Causal perception: launching vs temporal gap
LAUNCHING is when 2 objects make contact and seem to cause one another to move; TEMPORAL GAP is when a quick pause disrupts the perception that it is moving
47
What is the function of object files? (In particular the priority given to spatiotemporal continuity)
What we see is ever-changing 2d world, need to see objects (e.g. zebras running, hawk flying - must identify as same object, even as it looks vastly different, to survive)
48
How do phrase structure grammars allow us to explain the rule about when a pronoun can’t proceed the noun that it co-refers to?
They define hierarchical structures and their orders
49
2 visual streams - what do each do
Ventral: object perception Dorsal: object action
50
What did the Saffran & Aslin study find regarding statistical inference in infants?
Probability of sounds following each other indicates word boundaries; infants listened to 2 mins of madeup words in different orders and then paid more attention to violated expectations
51
What are “H1” and “H2”? Which one better describes how statements are converted into questions? Give examples to illustrate
"The man who is tall is here" H1 (simple, incorrect): first "is" moves to beginning -> "Is the man who tall is here?" H2 (complex, correct): first "is" after a noun phrase moves to beginning -> "Is the man who is tall here?"
52
Visual short term memory and objects vs features
We can keep track of far more features when it's fewer objects, but perform poorly at multiple-object tracking
53
Grammar vs parsing
Grammar determines what is expected, but parsing is the automatic assumptions of meaning ("the horse raced past the barn fell")
54
What is the false belief task?
Sally-Anne test - can children( /primates) tell that someone who didn't see the doll moved will still think it's in its OG spot?
55
Likelihood principle
Inferences are guided by preconceived knowledge, we discount coincidences
56
What is the lexical decision task (cross- modal priming)?
We are faster at recognizing related words (doctor -> nurse vs chair)
57
Innate learning mechanism, domain general vs. domain specific
Domain general = can be applied to multiple things Domain specific = highly specialized knowledge that
58
Nativism (def and caricature)
Knowledge comes from reason, not experience; CARICATURE = we have no influence from environment and are born knowing everything (<- N: mind is like lungs, influenced but innate)
59
Characteristics of objects
1. 3D 2. Bounded (single well-defined unit) 3. Space-time continuity
60
Spatiotemporal priority in perception of object persistence (what is it + evidence)
Evidence from tunnel effect - monkeys more likely to believe lemon turned into a kiwi than a pause resulting in same object
61
Evidence for automatic nature
When subjects heard BODY and were told to think about buildings, they were primed for body parts rather than building-related words (even 2 seconds later this can be overridden)
62
Finite state grammar example(s)
Which type of word can be followed by what other types (e.g. nouns follow verbs or adjectives...)
63
Associative vs semantic priming (+ evidence of independence)
Associative - meanings are similar (jam and jelly) Semantic - go together (traffic and jam) Associative is a little earlier; dementia patients better at semantic
64
Contrast between spatial and object-based attention
Spatial: look at one spot in middle Object: focus on specific object(s) EX: GORILLA VIDEO

COGST 1101 (2 decks)

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