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COGST 1101 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Affect programs - def

A

Biological core to emotions (modular)

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2
Q

4 features of affect programs

A
  1. Trigger/stimulus - eg spider
  2. Behavioral response - eg flight
  3. Physiological response - eg high heartrate
  4. Characteristic phenomenology - eg feeling = fear
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3
Q

Modularity of affect programs

A

Domain specificity (eg not afraid of hippos or disgusted by handshake)
Mandatoriness (eg can’t not be scared by picture of tarantula, not be disgusted by fudge that looks like poop)

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4
Q

Functional analyses

A

Like zebra stripes deter biting flies - what evolutionary purpose does something serve? Work backwards from function of a trait

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5
Q

Functional analysis application to fear and disgust

A

Disgust reduces exposure to pathogens and fear evades immediate danger

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6
Q

Social emotions (guilt, rage, love)

A

Solve self-interest model

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7
Q

Self-interest model: short vs long term

A

“People will always act efficiently according to self-interest” but varies short and long term (eg moral anger beneficial in long- but not short-term)

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8
Q

Commitment problem

A

Why would we do anything knowing that it’s in everyone’s best interest to act selfishly?

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9
Q

Frank: why do we have retaliatory emotions?

A

They are directed at long-term interests (eg. don’t mess with me!)

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10
Q

Expected value theory

A

Each objective value * probability of each option

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11
Q

Limitations of expected value theory

A

Seems counterintuitive bc subjectively, people value things differently (e.g. diff between $0 and $1M compared to $1M and $2M)

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12
Q

Expected utility theory and how it solves problems from EVT

A

Assign “utils” instead of units to look at subjective utility

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13
Q

Calculate expected value and expected utility

A

EV: each item’s objective value * probability
EU: each item’s utility * probability

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14
Q

Diminishing marginal utility

A

Things get less useful as more are gained

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15
Q

Axiom of independence

A

If you prefer A to B, this preference should remain independent of other alternatives or probabilities that are introduced

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16
Q

Allais paradox

A

Individuals rarely make consistent, rational decisions immediately

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17
Q

Certainty effect

A

We overweight certainty and love it

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18
Q

Weighting function for probability

A

People overweight small probabilities

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19
Q

Loss aversion

A

Stingier with what we’re willing to lose

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20
Q

Framing

A

How problems are presented impacts our view of them, even when they are the same underlying problem

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21
Q

Standard view of rationality

A

Rationality follows principles like math and science - very exact

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22
Q

Representativeness: meaning & studies

A

Linda (bank teller and feminist?) example

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23
Q

Availability: meaning & studies

A

Easier to think of examples of R in first place than third

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24
Q

Anchoring: meaning & studies

A

Respondents with higher SSN than gave a higher price for a bottle of wind

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25
Ecological response, frequencies versus single case probabilities
We rarely have to /(ancestors had to) evaluate single case probabilities - instead, look to frequencies
26
Risk aversion
Negative prospect + small probability
27
Risk seeking
Positive prospect + small probability; negative prospect + high probability
28
Decisions from description versus decisions from experience - how do these differ with respect to small probabilities
People rely on lived experiences more than numerical descriptions in everyday decisions
29
Evidence of statistical competence, e.g. in children
Can extrapolate from sampling, eg seeing you pull a few red balls from a box makes them expect it to be full or nearly full of red balls
30
EUT vs game theory
Game theory for dealing with another rational agent - EUT only makes sense alone but in reality, others will use EUT too
31
Prisoner's dilemma
Each person maximizes benefits by ratting out other person, but if both do this, both lose
32
Dominance reasoning
Always take action X over Y when its results are better than those in Y no matter what the other person choose
33
Prisoner's dilemma in lab
People choose to cooperate and gain less
34
How moral sentiments change payoff in prisoners' dilemmas
We have sense of responsibility toward others + don't want them to perceive us as "selfish"
35
Ultimatum game - what is it? experimental results?
Person A given money, has to send an amount to person B - 40-50% usually sent
36
Why do people reject offers and ultimatum games?
They feel anger at unfairness if they are sent too small an amount
37
Public goods game - what is it? How do people behave in these games without punishment
Everyone gets $20 and can choose how much to contribute to a central fund that is then multiplied out and divided evenly
38
Punishment in public goods games – how these experiments work, and what happens in them
Those who contributed a lot or above average "punish" the stingy by working together. 84% of participants punish at least once. COOPERATION INCREASES WHEN PUNISHMENT AVAILABLE
39
utilitarian and retributivist theories of punishment
Retributivist: moral wrong-doers deserve retribution, consequences irrelevant Utilitarian: punishment is right if it produces good consequences and wrong if it produces bad consequences. Nobody "deserves" punishment
40
Evidence against hyp that communication is essential to motivation to punish
people choose to punish even if the other will never know
41
Heinz dilemma
Can Heinz steal a rare medicine to save his wife's life?
42
Moral/conventional distinction: def, different definitions, how diff populations perform
Moral: it's wrong because it hurts another person Conventional: it's wrong because it is against the rules Psychopaths equate the two; NT children, autistic children, control criminals can all distinguish
43
Moral sentimentalism vs moral rationalism
We make moral decisions based on.. FEELINGS vs REASON
44
Diagnostic criteria for psychopathy
Lack of empathy, remorse, guilt - EMOTIONAL response
45
Sensitivity to suffering in others
Humans & rhesus macaques display this (not psychopaths)
46
Possible role of emotion in moral / conventional task
Emotions play critical role in base capacity for moral reasoning
47
Consequentialism
Everything is about consequences (e.g. utilitarianism) -- ends can justify means
48
Deontology
Some things are always wrong even when they result in better outcomes
49
Evidence for role of emotion in moral dilemmas
People seem to make deontological decisions based on emotion
50
Public information use
An animal's ability to judge something's usefulness based on others's successes and failures with it
51
Tale of 2 fishes (social learning)
9-spine stickleback - use social learning effectively by watching others at patch 3-spine stickleback - don't do this WHY? --> 9 spine far more vulnerable to predators = evolutionarily beneficial!!
52
Conformist learning in children and adults
Children will change a guess based on someone else's - MORE when older (ie even when not unanimous) Adults - see trash cans out, must be trash day!
53
Descriptive -> prescriptive leap in children's learning
"Pibbles eat this berry" -> "not ok for pibble to eat other berry"
54
Prestige-based learning - what is it & ev that children do it
Learners prefer to follow those who are culturally looked up to by others (e.g. people famous for being famous)
55
Chimpanzee & child learning differences in matched tasks matched tasks - spatial, quantitative, causal, social learning dimensions
Spatial: about equal Quantitative: about equal Causal: about equal Social learning: chimpanzee MUCH worse
56
Overimitation - what is it? Ev in children compared with bonobos
Tendency to copy ALL actions, not just causally relevant, by children (bonobos don't do this, just give up if something doesn't work)
57
Explanation for overimitation in children
Norm learning
58
Norm learning in children - ev for enforcement
Children learn "this is what you're supposed to do" and follow without necessarily knowing why (e.g. boring marble run)
59
Blind rule following in adults - ev it happens & association with behavior in econ games
Most people will follow "rules" even when against own interests AND rule breakers perform more selfishly in PG games
60
Access consciousness
A state that is "accessible" and not modular
61
Phenomenal consciousness
Has a way it "feels" - subjective and qualitative
62
Blindsight
Certain kind of brain damage where you cannot see, but can still perform visual tasks - respond correctly to stimuli, but say they can't see them
63
Functionalism about phenomenal consciousness
What makes something a belief is its relationships to inputs, outputs, other beliefs - not its makeup
64
Hard problem of consciousness
Why do some experiences FEEL a certain way? Why do we have any experience at all rather than just function?
65
Libet study (including use of earlier study of the RP)
66
Limitations of the study
67
Flash lag effect in perception
68
Concepts as representations
The concept in our mind is not a literal thing but a representation (e.g. my idea of a dog)
69
Concepts as constituents
Can be edited, moved around (e.g. if dogs are mammals, big ugly white dogs are mammals)
70
Concepts as basis for categorizing
Can sort concepts into categories e.g. birds or mammals
71
Classical theory of concepts & how it addresses 3 features
Concepts = definitions of finite and sufficient features (e.g. bachelor = unmarried man) 1. Definitions = representations 2. Can compare - octagons have more sides than rectangles 3. To see if X is Y, check if definitions match
72
3 features of concepts
Representative Constituents Categorizable
73
Problems with classical concept theory
Many concepts don't have complete definitions; Ignorance - you can have semi concepts (e.g. an idea of an elm tree even if you don't know what it is); Error - concept of smallpox in Middle Ages was wrong but existed
74
Typicality effects
Examples of concepts seen as most TYPICAL have the most traits from concept (e.g. the "birdiest" bird is identified more quickly as a bird). Wren vs penguin
75
Prototype theory
Family resemblance - not every instance needs every trait from a set of central traits, just a sufficient amount
76
Theory theory
Concepts = theories about the world, consisting of relations to other concepts
77
Essentialism
You can't just make one thing into another, its essence is unchanged - different for artifacts vs living creatures (seems like prototypical traits aren't always enough)
78
Pluralism
Concepts may have atomic cores linked to prototypical / internalized theories
79
Gene culture co-evolution: def & 2 examples
Culture changes genes - cooking hypothesis, lactose tolerance
80
Impact of culture on the mind
Categorization, visual attention, low-level perception, socio-moral behavior
81
Explain tasks that demonstrate cultural differences in mind functions & possible explanations
Impacts attention - paying attention to fish vs background Impacts categorization - does cow go with grass or rabbit?
82
Impact of mind on culture: basic idea
There are features of the human brain / mind that make certain ideas more
83
How do human biases affect iterated learning?
People favor linear functions with positive slope

COGST 1101 (2 decks)

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