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Bioethics > prelim > Flashcards

prelim Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of technology in nursing ethics?

A

Technology has expanded the role of the nurse and increased ethical dilemmas associated with client care.

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2
Q

What does the Principle of Double Effect consider?

A

It considers moral values and allows an act that has both good and evil effects, provided the evil is not intended.

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3
Q

List the guiding elements of the Principle of Double Effect.

A
  • The act must be good in itself or at least morally neutral
  • The good must not follow as a consequence of the secondary harmful effects
  • The harm must never be intended but merely tolerated as casually connected with the good intended
  • The good must outweigh the harm
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4
Q

When can the Principle of Double Effect not be invoked?

A
  • When the act by its nature is evil
  • When the good effect directly proceeds from the evil effect
  • When there is no sufficient reason for the performance of an act with two effects
  • When the motive of the agent is not honest
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5
Q

Define cooperation in the context of bioethics.

A

Cooperation is the participation of one agent with another to produce a particular or joint effect.

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6
Q

What does solidarity mean in healthcare?

A

Solidarity means to be one with others in the provision of healthcare and to seek the patient’s best interest.

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7
Q

What is the principle of veracity?

A

The obligation to tell the truth and not to deceive others.

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8
Q

List the rules of veracity.

A
  • Obligation to tell the truth
  • Not to lie or deceive others
  • Respect for others
  • Implicit promise
  • Relationships of trust
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9
Q

What does confidentiality relate to in bioethics?

A

Confidentiality relates to the concept of privacy regarding individual information.

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10
Q

When can confidential information be revealed?

A
  • When the patient permits such revelation
  • In medico-legal cases
  • If the patient has a communicable disease
  • To members of the health team if relevant to care
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11
Q

Differentiate nursing malpractice from nursing negligence.

A

Malpractice occurs when a nurse fails to meet the expected standard of care, while negligence refers to a breach in the standard of care.

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12
Q

What is nursing malpractice?

A

Nursing malpractice is a type of negligence where a nurse fails to provide the expected standard of care, resulting in patient harm.

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13
Q

Provide examples of nursing malpractice.

A
  • Failing to turn or reposition a patient
  • Failing to provide adequate nutrition
  • Administering the wrong medication
  • Failing to document patient care
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14
Q

What is the definition of ethics?

A

A set of principles of right or good conduct concerned with values and morality.

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15
Q

What are the three divisions of ethics?

A
  • Metaethics
  • Normative ethics
  • Applied ethics
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16
Q

Define Christian health ethics.

A

Christian health ethics is based on the belief that each human being is created by God, hence their worth is derived from biblical teachings.

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17
Q

What are the elements determining morality?

A
  • The act itself
  • Purpose of the act
  • Circumstances affecting the act
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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The obligation to tell the truth is known as ______.

A

[Veracity]

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19
Q

True or False: Negligence requires that the healthcare professional violate standards of care.

A

False

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20
Q

What is the primary responsibility of nurses according to the Code of Ethics?

A

To preserve health at all costs.

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21
Q

What does the term ‘morality’ refer to?

A

Quality of human acts where acts could either be good or evil based on right reason.

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22
Q

What is the aim of moral philosophy?

A

To discuss what is considered good or bad, right or wrong in moral issues.

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23
Q

What is the definition of Christian Health Ethics?

A

Each human being is created by God in His own image and likeness, thus the worth of the person is based on biblical teachings.

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24
Q

What is the best way to solve ethical issues in health care delivery?

A

Appeal to God since He is the source of truth, morals, and justice.

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25
Q

What are the elements determining morality?

A
  • The act itself
  • Purpose - reason for which the act is performed
  • Circumstances - factors distinct from the act itself and from the purpose which may affect the morality of an act
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26
Q

Define Ethics.

A

The study of morality.

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27
Q

Define Bioethics.

A

The science that deals with the study of human conduct concerning human life in all its aspects from conception to natural end.

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28
Q

What is Health Ethics?

A

Science that deals with the study of morality of human conduct concerning health and health care.

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29
Q

What does Professional Ethics relate to?

A

Professional behavior, including moral duty or obligation to the public, profession, colleagues, and clients.

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30
Q

How does Morality provide a perspective for Ethics?

A

Morality gives ethics a perspective of what to study about the goodness or badness of an act.

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31
Q

What is the distinction between Ethics and Morality?

A

Ethics pertains to the knowledge of what to study about goodness or evil; morality pertains to the application of this knowledge in the performance of human acts.

32
Q

What is the significance of Bioethics?

A

Keeps health professionals aware of do’s and don’ts of medical practice and enhances competence by understanding that the patient is a holistic individual.

33
Q

What is the Nightingale Pledge?

A

A pledge by nursing professionals to practice their profession faithfully, abstain from harmful actions, and maintain confidentiality.

34
Q

What are the three main functions of Professional Ethics?

A
  • To reassure the public
  • To provide guidelines for the profession to discipline and regulate its members
  • To provide a framework for individual members to formulate decisions
35
Q

What are the criteria of a profession?

A
  • Must satisfy an indispensable social need
  • Must demand adequate pre-professional and cultural training
  • Must possess a body of specialized training
  • Must have developed a scientific technique based on tested experience
36
Q

True or False: Bioethics is a part of Health Ethics.

A

False. Health ethics is a part of bioethics.

37
Q

What are the Five Pillars of Islamism?

A
  • Confession of Creed
  • Prayer
  • Charity
  • Observance of Ramadan
  • Pilgrimage to Mecca
38
Q

What are the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism?

A
  • Life is the root of all suffering
  • Suffering is caused by desires
  • Desires can be eliminated by negating life
  • Elimination of desires can be achieved by accumulating karma
39
Q

What is the ethical question regarding truth-telling in health care?

A

Should health professionals tell everything about their patient’s health status or is it ethical to withhold the truth from dying patients?

40
Q

Fill in the blank: Professional Ethics includes moral duty or obligation to the _______.

A

[public, profession, colleagues, clients]

41
Q

What is Kantian Ethics?

A

A moral theory that emphasizes duty and the motive behind actions, independent of consequences.

42
Q

According to Kant, what is always wrong, regardless of consequences?

A

Lying.

43
Q

What does Kant argue regarding treating people?

A

We must always treat people (including ourselves) as ends, not merely as means.

44
Q

True or False: The greatest value in Christianism is Love.

A

True.

45
Q

What is the role of ethics in nursing?

A

To evaluate merits, risks, and social concerns of activities in nursing.

46
Q

What is a key responsibility of nursing students according to the Code of Ethics?

A

Advocate the rights of all clients.

47
Q

What ethical dilemma is presented in the Somera Case?

A

A nurse failed to question a doctor’s order, leading to a patient’s death.

48
Q

What is the primary focus of Nursing Ethics?

A

Ethico-moral behavior in the practice of nursing.

49
Q

What should a nurse do if a patient refuses treatment?

A

Respect the patient’s autonomy and preferences.

50
Q

What is the significance of health care ethics?

A

Increases awareness of best medical practices among health workers.

51
Q

What is the difference between perfect and imperfect duties in Kant’s ethics?

A

Some rights should always be fulfilled (perfect duties), while others may be fulfilled based on circumstances (imperfect duties).

52
Q

What is the relevance of bioethics?

A

Varies from birth to end of life.

53
Q

According to Kant, what is a mortal violation?

A

Suicide.

54
Q

What does the categorical imperative dictate?

A

An action is right if it satisfies moral dictates forbidding lying, stealing, killing, and breaking promises.

55
Q

True or False: Good results can make an action morally right according to Kantian ethics.

A

False.

56
Q

What distinguishes perfect duties from imperfect duties?

A

Some rights should be recognized.

57
Q

What legitimate claims can a patient make once accepted?

A
  • Not to be harmed
  • Not to be lied to
  • Not to be deceived
58
Q

What ethical dilemma does truth-telling present in oncology nursing?

A

Nurses must decide what information to tell cancer patients.

59
Q

Who did most oncology nurses believe was responsible for truth-telling?

A

The physician.

60
Q

What is distributive justice?

A

Fair allocation of scarce resources among equals.

61
Q

Provide an example of a system that demonstrates distributive justice.

A

Philhealth for persons over the age of 60.

62
Q

List the criteria for distributive justice according to Rawl’s Ethics.

A
  • Equal share
  • According to need
  • According to effort
  • According to contribution
  • According to merit
  • According to free-market exchanges
63
Q

What does Ross’s Theory focus on?

A

Conflicting duties and moral obligations.

64
Q

What does ‘prima facie’ mean?

A

At first view or as it appears.

65
Q

What is the Principle of Stewardship?

A

Responsibility to take care of what has been entrusted.

66
Q

What are the basic bioethical moral principles?

A
  • Principle of Stewardship
  • Principle of Beneficence
  • Principle of Non-maleficence
67
Q

What does the Principle of Beneficence entail?

A

Good must be done to oneself or others.

68
Q

What are the three major components of Beneficence?

A
  • Promote good
  • Prevent harm
  • Remove evil or harm
69
Q

What does the Principle of Non-maleficence emphasize?

A

Evil or harm should not be inflicted on oneself or others.

70
Q

Fill in the blank: The duty to keep promises and tell the truth is known as the _______.

A

Duty of Fidelity.

71
Q

What is the duty of Non-maleficence?

A

Duty to not injure others.

72
Q

According to St. Thomas Aquinas, what is the highest good?

A

A beatific vision of God.

73
Q

What does the Principle of Double Effect state?

A

An act can have two effects, one intended and the other foreseen.

74
Q

What is virtue ethics in nursing?

A

An approach focusing on the moral character and dispositions of nurses.

75
Q

What creates ethical problems in healthcare?

A
  • Changes in society
  • Advances in technology
  • Scientific advances
  • Conflicts within nurses
76
Q

What does the duty of Reparation involve?

A

Compensating others when harm has been done.

77
Q

What is an example of a violation of Non-maleficence?

A

Physically harming a person through suicide or abortion.

Bioethics (4 decks)

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