finals

Question 1

What is abortion?

Answer 1

The expulsion of a living fetus from the mother’s womb before it is viable, either through miscarriage or surgical means.

Question 2

What does viability refer to in the context of abortion?

Answer 2

The possibility of the fetus to survive outside the uterus, typically before 20 or 24 weeks AOG.

Question 3

Define spontaneous abortion.

Answer 3

Abortion occurring naturally without artificial means, usually lost in the 1st trimester.

Question 4

What is threatened abortion?

Answer 4

A condition where the fetus is at risk due to unexplained bleeding, cramping, and backache, with a closed cervix.

Question 5

What treatment is indicated for threatened abortion?

Answer 5

Bed rest and appropriate medications.

Question 6

What characterizes imminent abortion?

Answer 6

Increased bleeding and cramping, dilation of the cervix, and potential rupture of membranes.

Question 7

What occurs in incomplete abortion?

Answer 7

Parts of the products of conception are retained, often the placenta, with a dilated cervix.

Question 8

What is complete abortion?

Answer 8

All products of conception are expelled from the uterus.

Question 9

What is missed abortion?

Answer 9

The fetus dies inside the uterus but is not expelled, with a closed cervix.

Question 10

Define habitual abortion.

Answer 10

Occurs consecutively in 3 or more pregnancies.

Question 11

What is indirect abortion?

Answer 11

The unintended loss of the fetus following a medical procedure necessary to preserve the mother’s life or health.

Question 12

What is direct or induced abortion?

Answer 12

The deliberate termination of pregnancy through artificial or mechanical means.

Question 13

What is criminal abortion?

Answer 13

Abortion performed without any other reason than the child being unwanted, considered murder and legally punishable.

Question 14

What is therapeutic abortion?

Answer 14

An abortion performed to save the mother’s life or health, morally indistinguishable from criminal abortion.

Question 15

What moral considerations surround abortion?

Answer 15

Abortion destroys life and violates the right to life, regarded as morally evil.

Question 16

What does euthanasia literally mean?

Answer 16

Good death.

Question 17

What is voluntary euthanasia?

Answer 17

Euthanasia conducted with the consent of the patient.

Question 18

Define non-voluntary euthanasia.

Answer 18

Euthanasia conducted without the patient’s consent, where consent is unavailable.

Question 19

What is involuntary euthanasia?

Answer 19

Euthanasia conducted against the will of the patient.

Question 20

What are the two variants of euthanasia?

Answer 20

• Passive euthanasia * Active euthanasia

Question 21

What is passive euthanasia?

Answer 21

Withholding common treatments necessary for the continuance of life.

Question 22

What is active euthanasia?

Answer 22

The use of lethal substances or forces to kill.

Question 23

What is the ethical standpoint on euthanasia?

Answer 23

Euthanasia infringes upon the rights of God and is considered morally wrong.

Question 24

What is suicide?

Answer 24

The act of intentionally causing one’s own death.

Question 25

What is unassisted suicide?

Answer 25

Suicide completed without clinician knowledge or intervention.

Question 26

Define facilitated suicide.

Answer 26

Suicide completed while under clinician care, suggesting a breach of duty.

Question 27

What is assisted suicide?

Answer 27

A clinician enables suicide by providing lethal means and guidance.

Question 28

What constitutes clinical death?

Answer 28

When a casualty has stopped breathing, resulting in tissue death and cardiac arrest.

Question 29

What is biological death?

Answer 29

Occurs when brain cells die due to lack of oxygen, following clinical death.

Question 30

What is in vitro fertilization?

Answer 30

A process where an egg is combined with sperm in a laboratory setting.

Question 31

What is the purpose of in vitro fertilization?

Answer 31

• Remedy infertility * Submit embryos for scientific research

Question 32

What ethical issues are associated with in vitro fertilization?

Answer 32

Pregnancy reduction and experimentation on embryos.

Question 33

What is the moral consideration regarding embryos in IVF?

Answer 33

Embryos intended for experimentation are not regarded as human persons by some advocates.

Question 34

What is stem cell?

Answer 34

The body’s raw materials from which specialized cells are generated.

Question 35

What is totipotent capacity in stem cells?

Answer 35

The ability to become any kind of bodily cell.

Question 36

Define pluripotent capacity in stem cells.

Answer 36

The ability to produce different specific types of cells.

Question 37

What is meant by totipotent capacity in stem cells?

Answer 37

Stem cells are capable of becoming any kind of bodily cells.

For example, blood cells from bone marrow can become nerve cells.

Question 38

What does pluripotent capacity refer to?

Answer 38

Stem cells are capable of being coaxed into producing different specific types of cells.

For example, umbilical cord stem cells can produce blood cells and brain cells.

Question 39

What is stem cell technology?

Answer 39

A field of medical research studying human and animal stem cells.

Stem cells are essential to the growth and regeneration of organisms.

Question 40

What are the current uses of stem cells?

Answer 40

Stem cells are used for therapeutic purposes and research suggests potential future benefits in many fields of medicine.

Question 41

What is the stem cell controversy?

Answer 41

An ethical debate centered on the creation, usage, and destruction of human embryos in stem cell research.

Question 42

What is the basic ethical problem with embryonic stem cell research?

Answer 42

It brings into tension two moral principles: prevention or alleviation of suffering and respect for the value of human life.

Question 43

What does informed consent entail?

Answer 43

Agreement by a client to accept a course of treatment after receiving information about it.

Question 44

What is the moral and legal premise of informed consent?

Answer 44

Patient autonomy, which allows patients to make decisions about their own health and medical conditions.

Question 45

What are the functions of informed consent?

Answer 45

• Supports the patient’s decision-making process
• Promotes patient’s self-determination
• Promotes physician-patient communication
• Shares the burden of responsibility for treatment
• Supports a fair and reasonable explanation of proposed treatment

Question 46

What is the physician’s duty to disclose in informed consent?

Answer 46

The nature of the proposed treatment and the risks and benefits of the proposed treatment.

Question 47

What are exceptions to current informed consent requirements?

Answer 47

• Emergencies
• Legal mandate
• Waiver
• Therapeutic privilege

Question 48

Fill in the blank: Informed consent is based on the moral and legal premise of _______.

Answer 48

[patient autonomy]

Question 49

True or False: Not all stem cell research involves the creation, usage, and destruction of human embryos.

Answer 49

True

Question 50

What practical steps are involved in the informed consent process?

Answer 50

• Determine who may legally consent
• Physician-patient discussion
• Patient decision
• Documentation
• Periodic re-evaluation

Question 51

What is the quote by Ernest Hemingway regarding morality?

Answer 51

I know only that what is moral is what you feel good after and what is immoral is what you feel bad after.