prelim Flashcards
Greek root means “to cut apart.”
-Study of STRUCTURES body parts, FORMS and their relationship to one another.
- Deals with the study of how the body structures are organized and physiology deals and how these structures function.
- Delves into the identification, description, and classification of the body’s components, from the smallest cells to the largest organs.
Anatomy
Complements anatomy by exploring the functioning of biological systems and mechanisms within the body.
Investigates how these structures work together to maintain homeostasis.
Study processes like the function of the heart in circulation, the role of muscles in movement, and the operation of various organ systems.
Physiology
is the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Homeostasis
What are the two Basic Approaches to the Study of Anatomy
- Systemic Anatomy
- Regional Anatomy
It is the study of the body by systems and is approach taken in this.
Systemic Anatomy.
It is the study of the organization of the body by areas.
All systems are studied simultaneously within each region, such as the head, abdomen, or arm.
Regional Anatomy
What are the Systemic Anatomy?
- Integumentary System
- Skeletal System
- Muscular System
- Nervous System
- Endocrine System
- Cardiovascular System
- Lymphatic System
- Respiratory System
- Digestive System
- Urinary System
- Reproductive System
It is the study of external features, such as bony projections, which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures
Surface Anatomy
This involved the use of x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures.
Anatomic Imaging
To understand and predict the body’s responses to stimuli
To understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of a continually changing environment.
Major Goals of Physiology
-LARGE, EASILY OBSERVABLE.
-Structures inside the organs can be seen w the naked eye.
- The study of the larger structures of the body and its parts, those visible without the aid of magnification.
Gross Anatomy
- Deals with structures that is too small to be seen by the naked eye.
- Very small structures
- Can only be viewed with a microscope
- Study of cells and tissues
- It refers to the scientific study of the body’s structure which can be very small and can only be viewed and analvzed through a tool.
Microscopic anatomy
the study of tissues called?
Histology
- The smallest unit of life that can exist independently.
- A living being that has cellular structures that can independently perform all physiologic functions for life.
Cell
It is the study of a specific organism, the human.
Human Physiology
These are examples of physiology that emphasize specific organizational levels.
Cellular and Systemic Physiology
What are the Levels of Structural Organization of the Human Body?
- Chemical Level
- Cell
- Tissues
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism
Level of organization involves interactions among atoms and their combinations into molecules.
Chemical Level
Tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, and proteins.
Atoms
When combined it will create organelles (small structures that make up cells)
Molecules
- Is a mass of cytoplasm that is bound externally by a cell membrane.
- Single Cell
Cellular Cell
Molecule used by cells for a source of energy.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
▪ a group of similar cells and materials surrounding them.
Tissues
What are the four primary tissues?
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- nervous.
- Found throughout the body where it covers internal and external surfaces.
- Outer Layer of the skin
- Lining of Cavities
- Blood vessels
- The type of tissue that can be found all over the body that covers the internal and external surfaces of the body including the blood vessels and glands.
Epithelial Tissue
- Characterized by large amounts of extracellular materials, or extra cellular matrix which has three major components: protein fibers, ground substance consisting of non-fibrous protein and other molecules and fluid.
- Estimatedly an individual might have 5 - 6 liters of blood or about 8% of his total body weight. Blood is what type of tissue?
Connective Tissue
Ability to contract, or shorten, making movement possible. Sometimes called muscle fibers because they often resemble tiny threads.
Muscle tissues
What are the three types of muscle tissues?
- skeletal
- cardiac
- smooth muscle.
- Tissue forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
- It is responsible for COORDINATING and CONTROLLING many bodily activities
Nervous Tissue
- Composed of two or more tissue types, that performs a specific function for the body.
- Organ level of organization
Organ
- A group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions.
Organ System.
What are the Digestive system?
- mouth
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- anus.
Any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as BACTERIUM, or trillion of CELLS, such as a human.
Organism Level
It is the external covering of the body that provides protection, regulates temperature by excreting salts and urea in perspiration, prevents water loss, and produces vitamin D precursors.
Integumentary System.
Integumentary System consists of what?
- Hair
- Skin
- Nails
- Sweat glands
- The Patella, sternum, pelvis, and ribs are parts of what system of the human body?
- Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produce blood cells, and stores minerals and fat, and consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints.
Skeletal System
Formation of blood cells goes within the cavities of the skeleton.
hematopoiesis
Acts as a storehouse for minerals
Hard substances Bones
- To contract or shorten
- Allow locomotion
- Maintains posture
- Produces heat
Muscular System
A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movement, physiologic processes, and intellectual functions, consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
A person touches a hot stove and quickly pulls their hand away without thinking. Which system is primarily responsible for this rapid response?
Nervous System
- A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions, consists of glands such as ovaries, pituitary, pineal body, thyroid, adrenals that usually secrete hormones.
- A doctor diagnoses a patient with diabetes, a condition related to insulin regulation. Which system is primarily involved in this condition?
- During puberty, teenagers experience rapid growth and changes in body composition.
Endocrine System
- Transport nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body
- Plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature consists of the heart, blood vessels, blood, aorta, brachial artery.
Cardiovascular System
- It also removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract.
- The human body’s cardiovascular system, which is a complement to the other systems, is also in charge of keeping germs out of our bodies.
Lymphatic System
- Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH.
- A doctor is treating a patient with difficulty breathing and reduced oxygen levels in their blood. Which system of the human body is primarily involved in this situation?
Respiratory System
Their role is to break down food and deliver the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells.
After eating a large meal, an individual feels tired as their body begins to process the food. Which system is primarily responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients?
Digestive System
- A marathon runner experiences muscle cramps due to an imbalance of electrolytes after a race. Which system is primarily responsible for maintaining the balance of electrolytes in the body?
- Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance.
Urinary System
Exists primarily to produce offspring.
Reproductive System
It is the body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward.
Anatomical Position.
Front of the body
Anterior
anterior body trunk inferior to the ribs
Abdominal
point of shoulder
Acromial
anterior surface of elbow
Antecubital
armpit
Axillary
arm
Brachial
cheek area
Buccal
wrist
Carpal
neck region
Cervical
hip
Coxal
leg
Crural
fingers, toes
Digital
thigh
Femoral
Lateral part of leg
Fibular
Area where thigh meets body trunk; groin
Inguinal
nose area
Nasal
Mouth
Oral
Eye area
Orbital
Anterior area of the knee
Patellar
genital area
Pubic
breast bone
Sternal
ankle
Tarsal
Chest
Thoracic
Navel
Umbilical
visible dip in between the neck,
Suprasternal notch
It is often used as a technical term in biology or medicine to refer to the back side of things.
Posterior
head
Cephalic
curve of shoulder formed by large ____ muscle
Deltoid
buttocks
Gluteal
Area of back between ribs and hips
Lumbar
Posterior surface of the head
Occipital
Posterior area of the knee
Popliteal
Area between hips
Sacral
The posterior surface of lower leg; the calf
Sural
Area of spine
Vertebral
Posterior/back part of the neck
Nuchal
Bone located posteriorly medial to the gluteal
Coccyx
- Cranial or Cephalad
- Toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body above
- The forehead is _______ to the nose
Superior
- Caudal
- Away from the head end Toward the lower part of the structure or the body; below
- The navel is _______ to the breastbone
Inferior
- Ventral
- Toward or at the front of the body; In front of
- The breastbone is ___________ to the spine.
Anterior
- Dorsal
- Toward or at the backside of the body; Behind
- The heart is ____________ to the breastbone
Posterior
- Toward or at the midline of the body; On the inner side of
- The heart is ______ to the arm
Medial
- Away from the midline of the body; On the outer side of the
- The arms are _____ to the chest
Lateral
- Between a more medial and a more lateral surface
- The armpit is _________ between the breastbone and shoulder
Intermediate
- Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
- The elbow is _______________ to the wrist (meaning that the elbow is closer to the shoulders.
Proximal
- Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
- The knee is _________ to the thigh
Distal
- Toward or at the body surface
- The skin is ____________ to the skeleton
Superficial
- Away from the body surface; More internal
- The lungs are ____________ to the ribcage
Deep
t/f The brain does require a constant supply of oxygen and glucose to function properly.
true
necessary for the body to have this So that it can perform the exhange of gases and keep other organs functioning.
Healthy Lungs
A group of third-year Psychology students had their wilderness expedition at Mt. Apo however, some were separated from the group and left with limited resources. The weather is mild, and the hikers have access to a stream of freshwater, but no food supplies. What should be the hikers’ primary concern to maintain life until rescued?
Finding shelter to avoid exposure.
Is necessary for maintaining overall health and well-being.
Adequate sleep
Plays a significant role in detoxifying the body and processing nutrients
Liver
A stable internal body temperature is necessary for the proper functioning of enzymes in the human body.
homeostasis
Has impact on maintaining a healthy body.
Regular physical activity
What is an example/ part of reproduction?
- Mitosis
- Asexual reproduction
- Meiosis
A rescuer team together with the research team are studying an isolated, underground environment where air circulation is minimal. The scientists are trying to determine how long a small group of people can survive in this environment without intervention. What would be most critical to monitor to ensure the survival of the group?
The concentration of oxygen in the air.
What is an example of excretion?
- Urinating (Urination)
- Breathing out carbon dioxide
- Sweating
Responsiveness is the ability of the organism to react to the stimulus in its environment. What are the example of responsiveness
- Heart rate increasing
- Sweating
- Dilation of pupils.
An astronaut is on a space mission where the temperature regulation system in their spacecraft fails. The temperature inside the spacecraft begins to rise rapidly. What is the most immediate risk to the astronaut’s survival in this situation?
Dehydration due to excessive sweating.
This process converts food into usable energy for the body.
Catabolism
Is the process that builds complex molecules from simpler ones, often requiring energy input.
Anabolism
Is a survival need
Breathing Oxygen
Patient Julius is admitted to the emergency room after being found unconscious in a locked, airtight room. The patient has no visible injuries. What requirement for human life should the medical team assess first?
Airway, breathing, and circulation
