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MAMMO > PRELIM > Flashcards

PRELIM Flashcards

1
Q

estimated new cases: females how many percentage who has breast cancer?

A

31%, 297,790

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2
Q

estimated new cases: males how many percentage who has prostate cancer?

A

29%, 288,330

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3
Q

estimated death: males how many percentage who has lung&bronchus?

A

21%, 67,160

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3
Q

estimated death: females how many percentage who has lung&bronchus?

A

21% 59,910

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4
Q

in number of new cases in 2020 both sexes all ages, how many percentage of breast cancer has?

A

17.7% (27,163)

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5
Q

BREAST CANCER….

A
  • IS EMOTIONAL
  • IS BIOLOGIC
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5
Q

The most treatable cancer

A

BREAST CANCER

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6
Q

This malignancy is most treatable when it is detected early, efforts have been directed toward developing breast cancer screening and early detection methods.

A

BREAST CANCER

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6
Q

True or false. does breast cancer malignancy is most treatable when it is okay to late detected

A

False, malignancy is most treatable when it is detected early

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7
Q

how does breast cancer malignancy is most treatable when it is detected early, efforts have been directed toward?

A

developing breast cancer screening and early detection methods.

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7
Q

The most important innovation in breast cancer control since the radical mastectomy was introduced by Halstead in what year?

A

1898.

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8
Q

The most important innovation in breast cancer control since the radical mastectomy was introduced by

A

Halstead

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9
Q

The most important innovation in breast cancer control since what? was introduced by Halstead in 1898.

A

radical mastectomy

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10
Q

The primary goal: to detect breast cancer before what?

A

before it is palpable.

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10
Q

In what year, a group of male radiologists in Rochester, NY assembled around a view box admiring the chest x-ray of a buxom woman.

A

1924

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10
Q

In 1924 a group of female or male radiologists? NY assembled around a view box admiring the chest x-ray of a buxom woman.

A

male radiologists

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10
Q

In 1924 a group of male radiologists where did assembled around a view box admiring the chest x-ray of a buxom woman.

A

Rochester, NY

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11
Q

In 1924 a group of male radiologists in Rochester, NY assembled what?

A

around a view box admiring the chest x-ray of a buxom woman.

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11
Q

In 1924 a group of male radiologists in Rochester, NY assembled around a view box admiring the chest x-ray of a buxom woman.
Their thoughts and discussions turned toward speculation about the ability what ?

A

the ability to xray the breast to locate tumors

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11
Q

in what year did Robert Egan, MD did became a father of mammography at M.D. Anderson Hospital

A

1960s

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11
Q

who was german physician Reported the radiographic appearance of breast cancers.

A

Dr. Soloman - German physician

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12
Q

Father of Mammography

A

Robert Egan, MD

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12
Q

who is M.D. Anderson Hospital

A

Robert Egan, MD

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12
Q

when was Reported the radiographic appearance of breast cancers.

A

1913

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12
Q

when was Using radiographic studies of cancerous breasts removed at surgery, he described the mechanism of how breast cancer spread.

A

1913

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12
Q

who was german physician Using radiographic studies of cancerous breasts removed at surgery, he described the mechanism of how breast cancer spread.

A

Dr. Soloman - German physician

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13
Q

who Made the first published radiograph of a living person’s breast in a German medical textbook on malignant tumors.

A

Otto Kleinschmidt

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14
Q

in what year did Otto Kleinschmidt Made the first published radiograph of a living person’s breast in a German medical textbook on malignant tumors.

A

1927

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14
Q

in what year publications on mammography appeared in South America, the United States, and Europe but still the use of mammography for the diagnosis of breast cancer received little clinical interest.

A

1930s

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14
Q

in 1930s - publications on mammography appeared in what places? but still the use of mammography for the diagnosis of breast cancer received little clinical interest.

A

South America, the United States, and Europe

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14
Q

in what year mammography was considered a reliable clinical tool because of such refinements as low-kilovoltage x-ray tubes with molybdenum targets and high-detail, industrial-grade x-ray film

A

Mid 1950s

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14
Q

in mid-1950s was considered a reliable clinical tool because of such refinements as low-kilovoltage x-ray tubes with molybdenum targets and high-detail, industrial-grade x-ray film

A

mammography

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14
Q

in what year Xerography was introduced and was popularized by Wolfe and Ruzicka.

A

1960s

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15
Q

in 1960s, Xerography was introduced and was popularized by ?

A

Wolfe and Ruzicka.

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15
Q

Many physicians found this easier images to understand and evaluate, became widely used for evaluating breast disease.

A

xerographic images

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15
Q

substantially lowered the radiation dose received by the patient compared with the dose received using industrial grade x-ray film

A

Xerography

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15
Q

Many physicians found this is easier to understand and evaluate,and became widely used for evaluating breast disease.

A

xeromammography

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15
Q

first introduced the combination of higher resolution, faster-speed x-ray film and an intensifying screen.

A

duPont Company

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15
Q

The first attempts at widespread population screening began at this time.

A

Xerography

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16
Q

As a result, radiation exposure to the patient was reduced even more.

A

duPont Company

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16
Q

in 1975, who was improved screen-film combinations.

A

Kodak and duPont

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17
Q

in 1973 what Project was implemented.

A

The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP)

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17
Q

in what year The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP) was implemented.

A

1973

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17
Q

in 1973, The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP) was implemented. In this project, how many women? underwent annual screening for breast cancer for 5 years at 29 locations throughout the United States.

A

280,000 women

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17
Q

in 1973, The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP) was implemented.
In this project, 280,000 women underwent annual screening for breast cancer for how many years? and how many locations?

A

5 years at 29 locations in the United States.

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18
Q

who Organized project demonstrated unequivocally that screening, physical examination, mammography, and BSE could provide an early diagnosis.

A

American Cancer Society (ACS) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI)

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19
Q

Organized by the American Cancer Society (ACS) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) project demonstrated unequivocally that screening, physical examination, mammography, and BSE could providewhat?

A

an early diagnosis.

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19
Q

when was Kodak and duPont improved screen-film combinations.

A

1975

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20
Q

in what year Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) was implemented to mandate the maintenance of high-quality breast cancer screening programs.

A

1992

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20
Q

in 1992, Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) was implemented to mandate the

A

maintenance of high-quality breast cancer screening programs

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20
Q

in what year Since then, faster lower-dose films, magnification techniques, and grids for scatter reduction have been introduced.

A

1975

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20
Q

in 1975, By this time, could be produced with very low patient radiation exposures.

A

extremely high-quality mammography images

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21
Q

in 1992 , what act was implemented to mandate the maintenance of high-quality breast cancer screening programs.

A

Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA)

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21
Q

true or false. in mid1970s, Although this perception is false, fear of radiation exposure still causes some women to refuse mammography, and many women who undergo the examination are concerned about exposure levels and the resultant risk of carcinogenesis.

A

true

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21
Q

in 1975, Kodak and duPont improved what?

A

screen-film combinations

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22
Q

true or false. in mid1970s, Although this perception is true, fear of radiation exposure still causes some women to refuse mammography, and many women who undergo the examination are concerned about exposure levels and the resultant risk of carcinogenesis.

A

false, there perception is false

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22
Q

exists to suggest that the small doses of diagnostic x-rays used in mammography can induce breast cancer.

A

No direct evidence

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22
Q

when was public perception was that radiation exposure from diagnostic x-rays would induce more breast cancers than would be detected.

A

Mid 1970s

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22
Q

is a concern, radiologic examinations need to be performed with only the radiation dose that is necessary for providing accurate detection.

A

breast irradiation

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23
Q

influence the glandular tissue of the breast during breast development, pregnancy, and lactation;

A

Hormones

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23
Q

what tissue is more sensitive to carcinogens during menarche.

A

glandular breast tissue

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23
Q

High-risk women include those with early menses, late menopause, first

A

first birth after age 30 years, and nulliparity.

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23
Q

decline at the onset of menopause.

A

hormone levels

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24
Q

A woman whose daughter, sister, or mother previously developed breast cancer, especially at an early age, is at higher risk of developing the disease.

A

FAMILY HISTORY

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24
Q

The incidence of breast cancer increases with ___

A

AGE

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25
Q

divide the superficial fascia into anterior and posterior components.

A

mammary glands

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25
Q

studies have shown that only how many percent ? of known breast cancers are found in women with a family history of the disease

A

13.6%

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25
Q

are lobulated glandular structure located within the superficial fascia of the anterolateral surface of the thorax of both males and females.

A

breasts (mammary glands)

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25
Q

are only rarely subject to abnormalities, such as neoplasms, that require radiologic evaluation.

A

Male breasts

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26
Q

in female breasts, Secondary sex characteristics and function as accessory glands to the reproductive system by what?

A

by producing and secreting milk during lactation.

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26
Q

In males, the breasts are

A

rudimentary and without function.

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26
Q

vary considerably in size and shape, depending on the amount of fat and glandular tissue and the condition of the suspensory ligaments.

A

Female breasts

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26
Q

Each breast is what usually shaped?

A

Each breast is usually cone-shaped

26
Q

Each breast is usually cone-shaped, with the base or posterior surface of the breast overlying in?

A

overlying the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles.

26
Q

is usually cone-shaped, with the base or posterior surface of the breast overlying the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles.

A

Each breast

26
Q

in breasts, These muscles extend from the second or third rib inferiorly to the sixth or seventh rib and from?

A

near the lateral margin of the sternum laterally toward the anterior axillary plane.

26
Q

in breast, These muscles extend from the what rib?

A

These muscles extend from the second or third rib inferiorly to the sixth or seventh rib

26
Q

An additional portion of breast tissue,in what that it extends from the upper lateral base of the breasts into the axillary fossa

A

the axillary prolongation or axillary tail

26
Q

An additional portion of breast tissue, the axillary prolongation or axillary tail, extends from the?

A

upper lateral base of the breasts into the axillary fossa

26
Q

The breast tapers anteriorly from the base, ending in the nipple that is surrounded by a circular area of pigmented skin called what?

A

the areola.

26
Q

in what part anteriorly from the base, ending in the nipple that is surrounded by a circular area of pigmented skin called the areola.

A

The breast tapers

26
Q

It is the condition of these ligaments, and not the relative fat content, that gives the breasts their firmness or lack of firmness

A

Cooper ‘s ligaments

26
Q

suspensory ligaments that extend from the posterior layers of the superficial fascia through the anterior fascia into the subcutaneous tissue and skin.

A

Cooper ‘s ligaments

26
Q

The adult female breast consists of how many lobes, which are distributed so that more lobes are superior and lateral than inferior and medial.

A

15 to 20 lobes

26
Q

The breasts are supported by what?

A

Cooper ‘s ligaments

26
Q

in Cooper ‘s ligament,the condition of these ligaments, and not the relative fat content, that gives the breasts their firmness or lack of what?

A

lack of firmness

26
Q

The adult female breast consists of 15 to 20 lobes, which are distributed so that more lobes are?

A

superior and lateral than inferior and medial.

26
Q

larger or smaller breasts will not be entirely demonstrated on small image receptors.

A

Larger breasts

26
Q

Conversely, should not be imaged on larger cassettes because other body structures will interfere with the compression device and thus produce an unacceptable image.

A

smaller breasts

26
Q

in tissue variation, are soft tissue density structures.

A

The glandular and connective tissues of the breast

26
Q

The lobules contains of what

A

the glandular elements, or acini

26
Q

in mammography, this is also an important consideration.

A

The natural mobility of the breast

26
Q

The ability to demonstrate radiographic detail within the breast depends on what?

A

fat within and between the breast lobules and the fat surrounding the breasts.

27
Q

In women who do not become pregnant, what happened to thebreasts?

A

the breasts may remain dense for many years.

27
Q

Contains primarily dense connective tissue and casts a relatively homogeneous radiographic image with little tissue differentiation.

A

POST PUBERTAL ADOLESCENT BREAST

27
Q

in POST PUBERTAL ADOLESCENT BREAST, The development of glandular tissue decrease what?

A

decrease radiographic contrast.

27
Q

in Craniocaudal projection of normal breast in a 19-year-old woman who has never been pregnant. what happened to there breasts?

A

the dense glandular tissues with small amounts of fat.

27
Q

in Mediolateral projection of normal breast in a 24-year-old woman who has had two pregnancies. what happened to there breasts?

A

decreased volume of glandular tissue and increased amount of fat.

27
Q

in Craniocaudal projection of breast of a 42- year-old woman with fibrocystic condition, illustrating what happened to there breasts?

A

prominent dilated ducts.

27
Q

in Craniocaudal projection of normal breasts of a 68-year-old woman.what happened to there breasts?

A

Most of the glandular tissue is atrophic.

27
Q

in what stages, Significant hypertrophy of glands and ducts occurs within the breast.
This change causes the breasts to become extremely dense and opaque.

A

DURING PREGNANCY

27
Q

The basic considerations for equipment should include the following:

A

Space
Portability
Electrical Requirements
Ergonomics

27
Q

Diagrammatic profile drawings of breast, illustrating the most likely variation and distribution of radiographic density related to the normal life cycle from

A

adolescence to senescence.

27
Q

illustrating the most likely variation and distribution of radiographic density related to the normal life cycle from adolescence to senescence.

A

Diagrammatic profile drawings of breast

28
Q

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) - established guidelines that require using a dedicated unit when performing screen–film mammography.

A

ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY UNIT

28
Q

in breast conditions, This normal sequence may be altered by external factors such as

A
  • pregnancy
  • hormone medications
  • surgical menopause,
  • fibrocystic breast condition.
28
Q

established guidelines that require using a dedicated unit when performing screen–film mammography.

A

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)

28
Q

in PORTABILITY, If the unit is used at various locations (a truly mobile environment), be sure to what it in a realistic setting.

A

“test drive”

28
Q

BASIC COMPONENTS of MAMMOGRAPHY

A
  • C- ARM
  • ELECTRONIC CONTROLS
  • COMPRESSION DEVICETO-RECEPTOR DISTANCE
  • TUBE HOUSING OR FACE SHIELD
  • FOOT CONTROLS
  • IRSD
  • CONTROL PANEL
  • DENSITY SELECTION
  • KILOVOLTAGE
  • MILLIAMPERAGE SELECTION
  • TIME SELECTION
  • SOURCE-IMAGE DETECTOR DISTANCE
  • COLLIMATORS
  • NEEDLE LOCALIZATION CAPABILITY
  • FIELD LIGHT
  • BREAST THICKNESS SCALE
  • ALIGNMENT
  • AUTOMATIC TECHNIQUE SELECTION
  • EXPOSURE CONTROL
  • RADIATION SHIELD
  • FILTERS
  • BACKUP TIMER
  • AEC
28
Q

in ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS
Some units plug into wall outlets, while others require what wiring to be installed?

A

threephase or 220 wiring to be installed.

28
Q

what are DARKROOM AND PROCESSING CONSIDERATIONS

A
  • SAFELIGHTS
  • AIR QUALITY
  • TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
  • DUST MANAGEMENT
  • VENTILATION
  • PROCESSOR MAINTENANCE
  • CHEMICAL REPLENISHMENT
  • ARTIFACTS
  • DEDICATED PROCESSING
  • PROCESSING ARTIFACTS
  • ENVIRONMENTAL ARTIFACTS
  • FILM AND SCREEN HANDLING ARTIFACTS
28
Q

The point at which the C-arm which what from the craniocaudal position to the oblique position, the height does not need to be adjusted.

A

connects to the tower/collar should be isocentrically designed

28
Q

in C-ARM, what is Minimum range of travel above the floor?

A

66 to 140 cm above the floor.

29
Q

in c-arm, It should rotate at least how many degrees.

A

at least 180 degrees.

29
Q

The final compression of the breast should be done using a

A

hand-controlled device.

29
Q

IRSD means

A

Image Receptor Support Device

29
Q

should be available to the client to maintain a difficult or awkward position. These handles should be different from the technologist’s handles, which contain the switches for operating the C-arm movements.

A

Grips or handles

29
Q

C-arm’s range of vertical movement should accommodate both tall women (approximately what feet) and those who need to sit.

A

approximately 6 feet

30
Q

Permit fast and easy exchange of different size film Buckys or cassettes.

A

Image Receptor Support Device
or IRSD

30
Q

The amount of compression exerted by the foot pedal control should be

A

minimal.

30
Q

in basic componenets of mammohraphy It should be easy to read and to adjust.

A

CONTROL PANEL

30
Q

in CONTROL PANEL, All units must have

A

automatic exposure control (AEC)

30
Q

in IRSD, Both imaging systems should be available to match the size of the receptor to the size of the breast being imaged.

A

18 x 24 cm and 24 x 30 cm

31
Q

in density selection, There should be a how many difference in optical density between steps.

A

10% to 15%

31
Q

in control panel, When the exposure has ended, the control panel should indicate

A

the exposure factors used.

31
Q

in density selection, At least how many density adjustment steps should be available.

A

At least nine density adjustment steps should be available

32
Q

in KILOVOLTAGE
Molybdenum Target Units – range of at least how many kvp?

A

at least 24 to 32 kVp in no greater than 1 kVp increments.

33
Q

in basic components of mammography, may be fixed or variable

A

MILLIAMPERAGE SELECTION

34
Q

in KILOVOLTAGE, Rhodium Target Units – range ofhow many kvp?

A

at least 28 to 38 kVp in no greater than 1 kVp increments.

35
Q

in MILLIAMPERAGE SELECTION
If the mA value automatically decreases while increasing the kVp, it should occur outside the range of settings routinely used for

A

for screen–film mammography: the 25 to 30 kVp range.

35
Q

in TIME SELECTION Short exposures – the grid is not what? when using a grid on a thin adipose-replaced breast.

A

“caught in motion”

35
Q

in SOURCE-IMAGE DETECTOR DISTANCE
what is Standard imaging SID:
and what is the Magnification imaging SID:

A

Standard imaging SID: 55 cm
Magnification imaging SID: 60 cm

35
Q

in TIME SELECTION , the time setting must surpass the reciprocity law failure of the recording system.

A

Long exposures

35
Q

Fixed apertures
Interchangeable cones of various sizes
Internal set of collimating blades

A

COLLIMATORS

35
Q

in NEEDLE LOCALIZATION CAPABILITY , is required if the equipment has preoperative needle localization capabilities.

A

A side-loading cassette holder or Bucky

36
Q

in FIELD LIGHT
The brightness of the light source should be

A

160 LUX or higher.

37
Q

in BREAST THICKNESS SCALE , The scales should be accurate to within what cm

A

within 0.5 cm.

37
Q

The focal spot, compression device, and image receptor must align perfectly at the chest wall edge to ensure that all posterior breast tissue is included.

A

ALIGNMENT

37
Q

Units must have a postexposure display that indicates the technical factors used.

A

AUTOMATIC TECHNIQUE SELECTION

38
Q

The operator can make an exposure only when completely outside of the x-ray field

A

EXPOSURE CONTROL

38
Q

in TIME SELECTION, the grid is not “caught in motion” when using a grid on a thin adipose-replaced breast.

A

Short exposures

38
Q

in BREAST THICKNESS SCALE
should be available.

A

Separate scales for grid versus non-grid versus magnification imaging

38
Q

in FIELD LIGHT , Misalignment of the x-ray/light field can be a maximum of

A

2% of the SID.

38
Q

is to produce an image using an acceptable length of exposure time to reduce motion blurring and/or client dose, but without compromising the image quality.

A

AUTOMATIC TECHNIQUE SELECTION

39
Q

in RADIATION SHIELD , This is to limit operator exposure to well below

A

below 0.1 mSv/week based on 40 patients/day, 5 days/week

39
Q

in SAFELIGHTS, Safelight filters that correspond with what light-sensitive films should be installed in lamps located at least 4 feet above the work area.

A

green light-sensitive films

39
Q

This device must maintain consistent optical density darkening of the film regardless of the kVp setting used, thickness of the compressed breast, and/or ratio of glandular-to-adipose components.

A

AEC automatic exposure control

39
Q

in SAFELIGHTS
Safelight filters that correspond with green light-sensitive films should be installed in lamps located at least how many feet above the work area.

A

at least 4 feet above the work area.

39
Q

in RADIATION SHIELD , Equivalent attenuation to at least

A

0.08 mm of lead at 35 kVp or the maximum kVp.

40
Q

in SAFELIGHTS these are a few examples of this type of filter.

A

The Kodak GBX-2 and Wratten 1 or 2

40
Q

It terminates the exposure with a sound or visual indicator.

A

BACKUP TIMER

40
Q

in BACKUP TIMER , It terminates the exposure with a sound or visual indicator.
The suggested limits are

A

250 mAs minimum to 600 mAs maximum.

41
Q

in SAFELIGHTS, No more than a how many watt bulb in an overhead-ceiling fixture

A

No more than a 15-watt bulb in an overhead-ceiling fixture

41
Q

in SAFELIGHTS, These filters should be changed periodically, every how many years, as they deteriorate with time and use

A

every 1 to 2 years

41
Q

in TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
Temperature of the darkroom should be set at approximately

A

70°F

41
Q

in SAFELIGHTS, no more than how many watts in closer fixtures.

A

no more than 7.5 watts in closer fixtures.

42
Q

in AIR QUALITY
major factors that influence obtaining a quality radiographic image:

A
  • Temperature and Humidity
  • and Ventilation
42
Q

in TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY, The humidity of the air in the darkroom should be set between

A

30% and 50%.

42
Q

major factors that influence obtaining a quality radiographic image

A

AIR QUALITY

43
Q

Poor airflow to the processor can hinder image quality, causing streaking and mottling of the emulsion.

A

VENTILATION

43
Q

in TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY, If the humidity of the darkroom air rises about how many percent, small droplets of water from the air may cling to the film and cause the emulsion to clump.

A

Above 50%

43
Q

is necessary not only for image quality, but also to ensure the health of technologists and darkroom personnel.

A

Adequate ventilation

43
Q

is the darkroom’s nemesis, particularly to darkrooms that process mammography films.

A

Dust

43
Q

in DUST MANAGEMENT
Because single-emulsion films and single-intensifying screen systems are used routinely for mammography, what particles are more evident.

A

dust and lint

44
Q

in DUST MANAGEMENT, They can obscure an area of minute, which can lead to misdiagnosis

A

calcifications, or can mimic cancer

45
Q

IN TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY, If the air becomes too dry (less than 30% humidity) what happened to film

A

static marks may appear on the film

45
Q

may cause a buildup of chemical fumes in the darkroom, which may lead to chronic headaches and nausea in people who spend a significant amount of time in this environment

A

Poor exhaust ventilation

45
Q

Dust is what in darkroom, particularly to darkrooms that process mammography films.

A

darkroom’s nemesis

46
Q

Monitored as part of the quality assurance program because improper solution replenishment can be detrimental to film quality.

A

CHEMICAL REPLENISHMENT

46
Q

specifically for the use of single emulsion films can reduce the risk of processor-related damage, and in some instances, as with extended processing, can control the film contrast and speed.

A

DEDICATED PROCESSING

46
Q

Most mammographic film used is

A

single emulsion.

46
Q

Mammography film is especially susceptible to what

A

artifacts

46
Q

Artifacts that occur during the processing procedure, within the processor, by one or more of the processor’s components.

A

PROCESSING ARTIFACTS

47
Q

Mammography films are more likely to be viewed with , which expose more artifacts to the viewer.

A

magnifiers and high luminance lightboxes

47
Q

examples of processing artifacts

A

These can include roller marks, guide shoe marks, chatter, run back, and more

48
Q

in CHEMICAL REPLENISHMENT, If solution levels become too or high or low? when, sediment from the tanks could enter the processor, and cause damage.

A

low

49
Q

in ENVIRONMENTAL ARTIFACTS
Low humidity in the darkroom can cause

A

static on films

49
Q

in PROCESSING ARTIFACTS this can cause a repeating artifact on films that will run parallel to the direction of film travel.

A

Improperly cleaned or worn rollers

49
Q

in FILM AND SCREEN HANDLING ARTIFACTS , can also cause artifacts; handle films by the edges while loading and unloading cassettes

A

Fingerprints on the film

49
Q

in ENVIRONMENTAL ARTIFACTS, High humidity can

A

splotch the image

50
Q

units must have a postexposure display that indicates the technical factors used.

A

automatic technique selection

MAMMO (2 decks)

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